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Macrophage-like functions in ECs. Similar to macrophages, defective phagocytosis and autophagy are implicated in deficient immune responses of ECs. The innate immune system in ECs involves activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4/MyD88/TRIF signaling followed by NF-κB-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines to mediate the immune response. This figure was created with Biorender.com.
