Table 3.
Association (OR) between individual pesticide and obesity.
| Pesticide | Not obese (N = 20217) N (%) | Obese (N = 78) N (%) | OR crude | OR adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbicide | ||||
| Glyphosate | ||||
| No | 5716 (28.3) | 17 (21.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 14501 (71.7) | 61 (78.2) | 1.42 (0.83-2.43) | 1.32 (0.77-2.26) |
| Paraquat | ||||
| No | 10622 (52.5) | 37 (47.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 9594 (47.5) | 41 (52.6) | 1.23 (0.79-1.92) | 1.12 (0.71-1.75) |
| 2,4-D | ||||
| No | 10531 (52.1) | 35 (44.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 9686 (47.9) | 43 (55.1) | 1.34 (0.86-2.10) | 1.25 (0.80-1.95) |
| Butachlor | ||||
| No | 16033 (79.3) | 43 (55.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 4184 (20.7) | 35 (44.9) | 3.12 (2.00-4.88) ** | 2.98 (1.90-4.69) |
| Alachlor | ||||
| No | 18669 (92.3) | 68 (87.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1547 (7.7) | 10 (12.8) | 1.78 (0.91-3.46) | 1.63 (0.83-3.17) |
| Diuron | ||||
| No | 19810 (98.0) | 74 (94.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 407 (2.0) | 4 (5.1) | 2.63 (0.96-7.23) | 2.64 (0.95-7.32) |
| Organophosphate insecticide | ||||
| Abamectin | ||||
| No | 9577 (47.7) | 25 (32.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 10640 (52.6) | 53 (67.9) | 1.91 (1.19-3.07) | 1.78 (1.10-2.88) |
| Chlorpyrifos | ||||
| No | 15466 (76.5) | 40 (51.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 4751 (23.5) | 38 (48.7) | 3.09 (1.98-4.83) | 2.86 (1.82-4.49) |
| Folidol (parathion) | ||||
| No | 17675 (87.4) | 62 (79.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 2542 (12.6) | 16 (20.5) | 1.80 (1.03-3.11) | 1.73 (0.99-3.03) |
| Methamidophos | ||||
| No | 19439 (96.2) | 71 (91.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 778 (3.8) | 7 (9.0) | 2.47 (1.13-5.39) | 2.25 (1.02-4.95) |
| Monocrotophos | ||||
| No | 19754 (97.7) | 72 (92.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 463 (2.3) | 6 (7.7) | 3.56 (1.54-8.23) | 3.26 (1.40-7.58) |
| Mevinphos | ||||
| No | 19977 (98.8) | 74 (94.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 240 (1.2) | 4 (5.1) | 4.50 (1.63-12.40) | 4.37 (1.57-12.20) |
| Dicrotophos | ||||
| No | 19756 (97.7) | 72 (92.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 460 (2.3) | 6 (7.7) | 3.59 (1.55-8.51) | 3.35 (1.44-7.80) |
| Dichlorvos | ||||
| No | 19998 (98.9) | 75 (96.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 219 (1.1) | 3 (3.8) | 3.67 (1.15-11.72) | 3.63 (1.13-11.68) |
| EPN | ||||
| No | 19631 (97.1) | 75 (96.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 586 (2.9) | 3 (3.8) | 1.34 (0.42-4.27) | 1.25 (0.39-3.99) |
| Imidacloprid | ||||
| No | 19524 (99.6) | 73 (0.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 681 (99.3) | 5 (0.7) | 1.96 (0.79-4.88) | 1.82 (0.73-4.53) |
| Profenofos | ||||
| No | 19730 (97.6) | 72 (92.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 487 (2.4) | 6 (7.7) | 3.38 (1.46-7.81) | 2.99 (1.28-6.97) |
| Carbamate insecticide | ||||
| Carbaryl | ||||
| No | 18958 (93.8) | 64 (82.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1259 (6.2) | 14 (17.9) | 3.30 (1.84-5.90) | 3.24 (1.80-5.82) |
| Methomyl | ||||
| No | 18889 (93.4) | 68 (87.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1328 (6.6) | 10 (12.8) | 2.09 (1.08-4.08) | 1.95 (0.99-3.84) |
| Carbosulfan | ||||
| No | 17722 (87.7) | 56 (71.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 2495 (12.3) | 22 (28.2) | 2.79 (1.70-4.58) | 2.53 (1.54-4.18) |
| Carbofuran | ||||
| No | 18098 (89.5) | 64 (82.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 2119 (10.5) | 14 (17.9) | 1.87 (1.05-3.34) | 1.68 (0.92-3.05) |
| Pyrethroid insecticide | ||||
| Permethrin | ||||
| No | 17780 (87.9) | 67 (85.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 2437 (12.1) | 11 (14.1) | 1.20 (0.63-2.27) | 1.09 (0.57-2.07) |
| Organochlorine insecticide | ||||
| Endosulfan | ||||
| No | 17135 (84.8) | 53 (67.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 3082 (15.2) | 25 (32.1) | 2.63 (1.63-4.23) | 2.46 (1.50-4.02) |
| Dieldrin | ||||
| No | 20038 (99.1) | 75 (96.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 179 (0.9) | 3 (3.8) | 4.48 (1.40-14.33) | 4.78 (1.48-15.42) |
| Aldrin | ||||
| No | 20120 (99.5) | 75 (96.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 97 (0.5) | 3 (3.8) | 8.29 (2.57-26.75) | 8.30 (2.54-27.19) |
| DDT | ||||
| No | 19297 (95.4) | 69 (88.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 920 (4.6) | 9 (11.5) | 2.73 (1.36-5.49) | 2.76 (1.36-5.57) |
| Chlordane | ||||
| No | 19940 (98.6) | 70 (89.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 277 (1.4) | 8 (10.3) | 8.25 (3.93-17.31) | 8.12 (3.84-17.17) |
| Heptachlor | ||||
| No | 17058 (84.4) | 62 (79.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 3158 (15.6) | 16 (20.5) | 1.39 (0.80-2.42) | 1.29 (0.74-2.24) |
| Fungicide | ||||
| Metalaxyl | ||||
| No | 18649 (92.2) | 63 (80.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1568 (7.8) | 15 (19.2) | 2.83 (1.61-4.99) | 2.61 (1.47-4.63) |
| Mancozeb | ||||
| No | 18854 (93.3) | 70 (89.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1363 (6.7) | 8 (10.3) | 1.58 (0.76-3.29) | 1.37 (0.66-2.88) |
| Maneb | ||||
| No | 19291 (95.4) | 71 (91.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 926 (4.6) | 7 (9.0) | 2.06 (0.94-4.48) | 1.88 (0.86-4.11) |
| Propineb | ||||
| No | 19272 (95.3) | 68 (87.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 945 (4.7) | 10 (12.8) | 3.00 (1.54-5.85) | 2.75 (1.40-5.38) |
| carbendazim | ||||
| No | 17913 (88.6) | 57 (73.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 2304 (11.4) | 21 (26.9) | 2.87 (1.74-4.74) | 2.60 (1.57-4.32) |
| <0.001 * | ||||
| Thiophanate | ||||
| No | 19842 (98.1) | 73 (93.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 375 (1.9) | 5 (6.4) | 3.63 (1.46-9.04) | 3.55 (1.42-8.91) |
| Benomyl | ||||
| No | 19976 (98.8) | 74 (94.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 241 (1.2) | 4 (5.1) | 4.50 (1.63-12.40) | 4.61 (1.66-12.80) |
| Bordeaux mixture | ||||
| No | 20108 (99.5) | 76 (97.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 109 (0.5) | 2 (2.6) | 4.85 (1.18-20.00) | 5.40 (1.30-22.48) |
*
Adjusted variables: Gender (male, female), age (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 60+), smoking (never, ex-smoker, current smoker), alcohol consumption (never, used to drink, currently drink), education (not attend school, primary school, secondary school, college degree or higher), income per month (THB) (<5000, 5001-10000, 10001-30000, >30000).
**
Significant OR were indicated in bold numbers.