Table 2. Descriptive information of the selected studies for validating the EER equations other than EER(IOM) by TEE(DLW).
| Study | Year | Race | Life span (age range) | Group (No.) | Age (yrs) | BMI (kg/m2) | Other predictive equation for EER (kcal/day) | PAL | kcal/day | Mean % difference | Prediction (%) | Evaluation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate | Over | Under | |||||||||||||
| Komura et al. [9] | 2017 | Japanese | Children (10–12 yrs) | Boys (33) | 8.9 ± 1.8 | 18.6 ± 2.8 | EER(J-DRI): BMR standard* (kcal/kg/day) × body weight (kg) × PA(J-DRI) | 1.60 ± 0.16 | · TEE(DLW) | 2,107 ± 273 | - | - | - | - | |
| EER(FAO): | · EER(J-DRI) | 2,264 ± 470 | 6.9 | 63.6 | 33.3 | 3.0 | Acceptable | ||||||||
| For boys (1–18 yrs): 310.2 + 63.3 × body weight (kg) − 0.263 × body weight (kg)2 | · EER(FAO) | 2,320 ± 279 | 9.2 | 57.6 | 42.2 | 0.0 | Overestimated | ||||||||
| Girls (23) | 8.9 ± 1.8 | 17.2 ± 1.9 | For girls (1–18 yrs): 263.4 + 65.3 × body weight (kg) − 0.454 × body weight (kg)2 | 1.56 ± 0.19 | · TEE(DLW) | 1,847 ± 269 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| · EER(J-DRI) | 2,007 ± 401 | 8.0 | 69.6 | 26.1 | 4.2 | Acceptable | |||||||||
| · EER(FAO) | 2,031 ± 183 | 9.1 | 34.8 | 60.9 | 4.3 | Overestimated | |||||||||
| Ebine et al. [4] | 2000 | Japanese | Senior, Junior (synchronized swimmers) (18–23 yrs) | Women (9) | 19.8 ± 2.8 | 20.7 ± 0.7 | EER(J-RDA) = BMR + (BMR × X) + 1/10 A | 2.18 ± 0.42 | · TEE(DLW) | 2,738 ± 672 | - | - | - | - | Acceptable |
| *BMR = C (kcal × m−2 × h−1) × (Weight0.444 × Height0.663 × 88.83/1,000) (m2) × 24 (h) × 1.04 | · EER(J-RDA) | 2,897 ± 139 | 5.8 | ||||||||||||
| -X: activity level (1.0; level 4) | |||||||||||||||
| -C: 36.9 for 16 yrs, 36.0 for 17 yrs, 35.6 for 18 yrs, 35.1 for 19 yrs, 34.3 for 20–29 yrs | |||||||||||||||
| Sagayama et al. [7] | 2017 | Japanese | Adult (college wrestlers) | Men (10) | 20.4 ± 0.5 | 25.7 ± 1.7 | EER(NIHN) = estimated BMR (kcal/day) × PA | 2.58 ± 0.34 | · TEE(DLW) | 4,283 ± 590 | - | - | - | - | Underestimated |
| *Estimate BMR = [0.1238 + (0.0481 × body weight (kg) + (0.0234 × height (cm)) − (0.0138 × (age (yrs) − 0.5473] × 1.000/4.186 | · EER(NIHN) | 3,548 ± 253 | −20.7 | ||||||||||||
| Zhuo et al. [13] | 2013 | Chinese | Adults (20–26 yrs) | Men (16) | 23 ± 1 | 23 ± 1 | EER(EB) (MJ/day) = energy intake (MJ/day) + decrease or increase of body weight (kg) × 29 ÷ experimental period (days) | 1.59 ± 0.22 | · TEE(DLW) | 2,258 ± 180 | - | - | - | - | Overestimated |
| EER(PA) = pBEE × PAL | · EER(EB) | 2,373 ± 315 | 4.8 | ||||||||||||
| *pBEE: (15.3 × weight + 679) × 95% (kcal) | · EER(PA) | 2,463 ± 104 | 8.3 | ||||||||||||
| EER(PR): sum of metabolic equivalents (METs)/min × activity’s duration (min) × unit of the MET (0.0175 kcal·kg−1·min−1) × body weight (kg) | · EER(PR) | 2,582 ± 136 | 12.5 | ||||||||||||
| Cooper et al. [8] | 2013 | Black (USA) | Elderly (≥ 65 yrs) | Men (47) | 82.2 ± 3.3 | 27.1 ± 4.8 | EER(WHO): BMR (kcal/day) × PA | 1.68 ± 0.21 | · TEE(DLW) | 2,208 ± 56 | 24.3 | - | - | - | Overestimated |
| · EER(WHO) | 2,915 ± 31 | ||||||||||||||
| Women (40) | 82.0 ± 2.8 | 28.0 ± 4.3 | 1.67 ± 0.31 | · TEE(DLW) | 1,814 ± 42 | 21.6 | - | - | - | ||||||
| · EER(WHO) | 2,315 ± 21 | ||||||||||||||
Data are shown as mean ± SD, or %.
EER, estimated energy requirement; EER(IOM), EER calculated with predictive equation developed by the Institute of Medicine; TEE(DLW), total energy expenditure measured by double labeled water method; BMI, body mass index; PAL, physical activity level calculated with total energy expenditure measured by double labeled water method divided by resting energy expenditure; EER(J-DRI), equation of dietary reference intake for Japanese; EER(FAO), estimated energy expenditure by the equation of food and agriculture organization of the United Nations; EER(J-RDA), estimated energy expenditure calculated by equation of the Recommended Dietary Allowance; EER(NIHN), estimated energy expenditure calculated by equation of the National Institute of Health and Nutrition; EER(EB), estimated energy expenditure by energy balance method; EER(PA), estimated energy expenditure by physical activity; EER(PR), estimated energy expenditure by physical record; EER(WHO), EER by the World Health Organization equation; Mean % difference, [EER(IOM) − TEE(DLW)]/TEE(DLW) × 100; Accurate prediction %, the percentage of subjects predicted by the DRI predictive equations within 90 and 110% of TEE(DLW); Over-prediction %, the percentage of subjects predicted by the DRI predictive equations > 110% of TEE(DLW); Under-prediction %, the percentage of subjects predicted by the DRI predictive equations < 90% of TEE(DLW).