Table 4. Association of added sugar intake with cardiovascular disease mortality risk.

Exposure	Author (year)	Comparison group	Adjusted HR	95% CI	P for trend
Free sugar intake (%kcal)	Ramne et al. (2019), MDCS [30]	< 5.0	1.24	1.01–1.53	0.562
		5.0 to < 7.5	1.15	0.99–1.33
		7.5 to < 10.0	1.00	[Reference]
		10.0 to < 15.0	1.02	0.90–1.15
		15.0 to < 20.0	0.98	0.83–1.15
		≥ 20.0	1.31	1.03–1.66
Added sugar intake (%kcal)	Liu et al. (2018) [23]	Q1: 0.67 (0.00–1.12)	1.00	[Reference]	0.055
		Q2: 1.59 (1.12–2.03)	0.69	0.27–1.73
		Q3: 2.50 (2.03–3.07)	0.32	0.10–1.02
		Q4: 3.88 (3.07–4.99)	0.48	0.16–1.47
		Q5: 6.86 (4.99–54.9)	0.33	0.08–1.43
	Ramne et al. (2019), MDCS [30]	< 5.0	1.22	1.02–1.47	0.744
		5.0 to < 7.5	1.09	0.95–1.25
		7.5 to < 10.0	1.00	[Reference]
		10.0 to < 15.0	1.01	0.89–1.13
		15.0 to < 20.0	0.97	0.82–1.16
		≥ 20.0	1.40	1.09–1.82
	Yang et al. (2014) [13]	Q1: 7.4 (0.0 to < 9.6)	1.00	[Reference]	0.004
		Q2: 11.4 (9.6 to < 13.1)	1.07	1.02–1.12
		Q3: 14.8 (13.1 to < 16.7)	1.18	1.06–1.31
		Q4: 18.7 (16.7 to < 21.3)	1.38	1.11–1.70
		Q5: 25.2 (≥ 21.3)	2.03	1.26–3.27
	Yang et al. (2014) [13]	5.0 (0.0 to < 10.0)	1.00	[Reference]	0.004
		17.5 (10.0 to < 25.0)	1.30	1.09–1.55
		28.7 (≥ 25.0)	2.75	1.40–5.42
Added sugar intake (g/1,000 kcal)	Tasevska et al. (2014), Men [14]	Q1: 9.2	1.00	[Reference]	0.070
		Q2: 14.7	0.91	0.85–0.98
		Q3: 21.0	0.87	0.82–0.95
		Q4: 29.4	0.87	0.81–0.94
		Q5: 47.0	0.91	0.84–0.98
	Tasevska et al. (2014), Women [14]	Q1: 10.1	1.00	[Reference]	0.940
		Q2: 15.1	0.94	0.84–1.04
		Q3: 20.6	0.82	0.73–0.92
		Q4: 28.6	0.94	0.84–1.05
		Q5: 45.4	0.96	0.86–1.08

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MDCS, Malmo Diet and Cancer Study.