Table 5. Association of SSB consumption with cardiovascular disease mortality risk.
| Exposure | Author (year) | Comparison groups | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSB | ||||||
| Sugar-sweetened drinks (servings/wk) | Barrington and White (2016) [20] | 0.0–0.1 | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.450 | |
| 0.2–0.4 | 0.92 | 0.75–1.12 | ||||
| 0.5–2.7 | 1.06 | 0.89–1.25 | ||||
| ≥ 2.8 | 1.05 | 0.87–1.27 | ||||
| SSB (serving/d) | Collin et al. (2019) [21] | Each additional 12 oz | 1.11 | 0.90–1.39 | - | |
| SSB (Frequency consumption of a standard portion) | Malik et al. (2019), Pooled [25] | < 1 times/mo | 1.00 | [Reference] | < 0.001 | |
| 1 to 4 times/mo | 1.06 | 1.00–1.12 | ||||
| 2 to 6 times/wk | 1.10 | 1.04–1.17 | ||||
| 1 to < 2 times/d | 1.19 | 1.08–1.31 | ||||
| ≥ 2 times/d | 1.31 | 1.15–1.50 | ||||
| Per 1 serving/d | 1.10 | 1.06–1.14 | ||||
| Malik et al. (2019), HPFS [25] | < 1/mo | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.020 | ||
| 1 to 4/mo | 1.04 | 0.95–1.14 | ||||
| 2 to 6/wk | 1.08 | 1.00–1.18 | ||||
| 1 to < 2/d | 1.17 | 1.01–1.35 | ||||
| ≥ 2/d | 1.19 | 0.95–1.49 | ||||
| Per 1 serving/d | 1.07 | 1.01–1.14 | ||||
| Malik et al. (2019), NHS [25] | < 1/mo | 1.00 | [Reference] | < 0.001 | ||
| 1 to 4/mo | 1.07 | 0.99–1.16 | ||||
| 2 to 6/wk | 1.10 | 1.01–1.20 | ||||
| 1 to < 2/d | 1.21 | 1.06–1.37 | ||||
| ≥ 2/d | 1.37 | 1.16–1.62 | ||||
| Per 1 serving/d | 1.11 | 1.06–1.16 | ||||
| Sugar-sweetened soft drink (1 glass = 250 mL) | Mullee et al. (2019), Total [27] | < 1 glass/mo | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.160 | |
| 1 to 4 glasses/mo | 0.97 | 0.90–1.05 | ||||
| > 1 to 6 glasses/wk | 0.96 | 0.90–1.04 | ||||
| 1 to < 2 glasses/d | 1.06 | 0.92–1.22 | ||||
| ≥ 2 glasses/d | 1.11 | 0.95–1.30 | ||||
| Mullee et al. (2019), Men [27] | < 1 glass/mo | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.430 | ||
| 1 to 4 glasses/mo | 0.99 | 0.89–1.10 | ||||
| > 1 to 6 glasses/wk | 0.94 | 0.85–1.04 | ||||
| 1 to < 2 glasses/d | 0.98 | 0.80–1.20 | ||||
| ≥ 2 glasses/d | 1.11 | 0.91–1.35 | ||||
| Mullee et al. (2019), Women [27] | < 1 glass/mo | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.200 | ||
| 1 to 4 glasses/mo | 0.97 | 0.87–1.07 | ||||
| > 1 to 6 glasses/wk | 0.99 | 0.89–1.09 | ||||
| 1 to < 2 glasses/d | 1.15 | 0.94–1.40 | ||||
| ≥ 2 glasses/d | 1.11 | 0.86–1.43 | ||||
| Soft drink (frequency) | Odegaard et al. (2016) [28] | None | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.540 | |
| Monthly | 0.96 | 0.84–1.09 | ||||
| 1/wk | 1.08 | 0.91–1.30 | ||||
| 2–6/wk | 1.08 | 0.92–1.27 | ||||
| ≥ 1/d | 1.03 | 0.83–1.30 | ||||
| SSB (serving/d) | Zhang et al. (2021) [33] | 0 | 1.00 | [Reference] | - | |
| > 0 to < 1 | 1.02 | 0.81–1.28 | ||||
| 1 to < 2 | 1.38 | 1.05–1.81 | ||||
| ≥ 2 | 1.52 | 1.03–2.25 | ||||
| Each additional serving | 1.11 | 1.03–1.21 | ||||
| Added sugar intake from beverage | ||||||
| Added sugar intake from beverage (%kcal) | Liu et al. (2018) [23] | Q1: 0.00 (0.00–0.05) | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.074 | |
| Q2: 0.17 (0.05–0.31) | 1.10 | 0.43–2.83 | ||||
| Q3: 0.52 (0.31–0.83) | 0.44 | 0.14–1.40 | ||||
| Q4: 1.34 (0.83–2.24) | 0.41 | 0.14–1.25 | ||||
| Q5: 4.15 (2.24–53.1) | 0.55 | 0.15–2.07 | ||||
| Added sugar intake from beverages (g/1,000 kcal) | Tasevska et al. (2014), Men [14] | Q1: 0.12 | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.300 | |
| Q5: 30.9 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 | ||||
| Tasevska et al. (2014), Women [14] | Q1: 0.08 | 1.00 | [Reference] | 0.020 | ||
| Q5: 26.9 | 1.13 | 1.01–1.26 | ||||
| Added sugar intake from SSB (g/1,000 kcal) | Zhang et al. (2021) [33] | Q1: 0.0 | 1.00 | [Reference] | - | |
| Q2: 5.59 (< 9.0) | 0.91 | 0.65–1.25 | ||||
| Q3: 13.83 (9.0 to 19.5) | 1.15 | 0.89–1.47 | ||||
| Q4: 26.52 (19.6 to 35.3) | 1.32 | 0.98–1.76 | ||||
| Q5: 50.12 (> 35.3) | 1.45 | 1.06–1.97 | ||||
| Added sugar intake from SSB (10 g/1,000 kcal) | Zhang et al. (2021) [33] | Each additional 10 g/1,000 kcal | 1.08 | 1.03–1.13 | - | |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages.