Table 1. Participant Characteristics and Measures at Baseline.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Standard-plus (n = 124) | Standard (n = 125) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 77.4 (6.7) | 77.4 (6.4) |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 85 (68.6) | 78 (62.4) |
| Male | 39 (31.5) | 47 (37.6) |
| Race | ||
| Asian | 1 (0.8) | 0 |
| Black or African American | 9 (7.3) | 13 (10.4) |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) |
| White | 109 (87.9) | 110 (88.0) |
| Othera | 1 (0.8) | 0 |
| Refused to say | 3 (2.4) | 1 (0.8) |
| Live alone | 57 (46.0) | 57 (45.6) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 60 (48.4) | 56 (44.8) |
| Separated | 0 | 2 (1.6) |
| Divorced | 19 (15.3) | 16 (12.8) |
| Widowed | 28 (22.6) | 35 (28.0) |
| Never married | 13 (10.5) | 15 (12.0) |
| Other | 4 (3.2) | 1 (0.8) |
| Education | ||
| Grade 9-12 | 22 (17.7) | 19 (15.2) |
| College | 47 (37.9) | 42 (33.6) |
| Postgraduate | 52 (41.9) | 59 (47.2) |
| Other | 3 (2.4) | 5 (4.0) |
| Duke comorbidity index, range 0-8, mean (SD)b | 2.9 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.3) |
| Cardiac | 12 (9.7) | 12 (9.6) |
| Neurologic | 10 (8.1) | 7 (5.6) |
| Musculoskeletal | 107 (86.3) | 108 (86.4) |
| General | 33 (26.6) | 38 (30.4) |
| Visual/hearing | 94 (75.8) | 98 (78.4) |
| Diabetes | 28 (22.6) | 25 (20.0) |
| Cancer | 41 (33.1) | 45 (36.0) |
| Lung | 34 (27.4) | 31 (24.8) |
| Geriatric Depressive Scale, range 0-15, mean (SD)c | 1.0 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.4) |
| Modified Mini-Mental State, mean (SD) | 95.8 (4.3) | 96.0 (4.0) |
| Trails A, mean (SD), s | 33.1 (12.7) | 34.3 (13.1) |
| Trails B, mean (SD), s | 82.0 (45.1) | 89.2 (46.1) |
| Height, mean (SD), in | 65.2 (3.8) | 65.6 (4.0) |
| Weight, mean (SD), lb | 174.7 (38.9) | 174.8 (35.9) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 28.8 (5.7) | 28.6 (5.9) |
| Fear of falling | 50 (40.3) | 51 (40.8) |
| Fall prior year | 36 (29.0) | 38 (30.4) |
| More than 1 fall prior year | 13 (10.5) | 14 (11.2) |
| Global mobility rating | ||
| Excellent | 25 (20.2) | 17 (13.6) |
| Very good | 52 (41.9) | 49 (39.2) |
| Good | 36 (29.0) | 41 (32.8) |
| Fair | 11 (8.9) | 16 (12.8) |
| Poor | 0 | 2 (1.6) |
| Global health rating | ||
| Excellent | 16 (12.9) | 22 (17.6) |
| Very good | 66 (53.2) | 53 (42.4) |
| Good | 37 (29.8) | 38 (30.4) |
| Fair | 5 (4.0) | 10 (8.0) |
| Poor | 0 | 2 (1.6) |
| Global balance rating | ||
| Excellent | 5 (4.0) | 7 (5.6) |
| Very good | 27 (21.8) | 28 (22.4) |
| Good | 55 (44.4) | 50 (40.0) |
| Fair | 32 (25.8) | 33 (26.4) |
| Poor | 5 (4.0) | 7 (5.6) |
| Instrumented walkway gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 1.08 (0.16) | 1.06 (0.17) |
| Gait speed stratum | ||
| <1.0 m/s | 52 (41.9) | 52 (41.6) |
| ≥1.0 m/s | 72 (58.1) | 73 (58.4) |
| Modified gait efficacy scale, range 10-100, mean (SD) | 85.5 (13.3) | 84.8 (14.0) |
| Short Physical Performance Battery, mean (SD) | 9.9 (1.4) | 9.8 (1.7) |
| Lower extremity strength 1 RM [greater of the 2 sides], mean (SD), N | 183.8 (55.0) | 188.3 (60.8) |
| Lower extremity power [greater of the 2 sides], mean (SD), W | 364.8 (128.7) | 371.0 (174.4) |
| Six-minute walk distance, mean (SD), meters | 397.6 (91.7) | 400.9 (88.3) |
| Figure of 8 walk, mean (SD) | ||
| Time to complete, s | 9.9 (1.9) | 10.2 (2.3) |
| No. of steps | 17.1 (2.8) | 17.2 (2.9) |
| Chair reach test, centimeters | −5.0 (10.7) | −7.2 (10.7) |
| Late Life Function and Disability Index, range 0-100, mean (SD)d | ||
| Overall function | 61.7 (8.8) | 61.2 (8.3) |
| Upper extremity function | 78.7 (10.5) | 78.4 (11.7) |
| Basic lower extremity function | 75.0 (13.4) | 73.9 (12.4) |
| Advanced lower extremity function | 52.0 (14.0) | 51.6 (13.3) |
| Disability frequency | 55.5 (5.9) | 55.0 (5.4) |
| Social role | 51.4 (7.4) | 50.7 (7.3) |
| Personal role | 68.8 (15.6) | 67.3 (13.9) |
| Instrumental role | 79.4 (13.4) | 78.8 (13.5) |
| Management role | 92.7 (10.6) | 91.5 (10.3) |
| Disability limitations | 79.5 (12.7) | 78.8 (12.9) |
Abbreviation: RM, repetition maximum.
a
For the category of race, one of the options that participants could select was other. American Indian and Alaska Native are included in other.
b
Higher numbers indicate more comorbidities.
c
Higher numbers indicate more depressive symptoms.
d
Higher numbers indicate better function and less disability.