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. 2022 May 10;13:908069. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.908069

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Copyright © 2022 Sánchez and Loewe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Sketches of a tissue cut for healthy and fibrotic tissue (top row). Fibrotic sketches represent different fibrotic patterns (diffuse, interstitial, patchy or compact). The bottom row depicts the homogenization assumption where a hexahedral mesh element of 100 μm × 100 μm × 100 μm represents several cardiac myocytes and has to assume one average set of properties that describes the electrophysiology of this group of cells. For fibrotic tissue, homogenization implies that one element contains different types of cells (cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts) and collagen. Also the electrophysiological characteristics of this piece of tissue has to be represented by one set of effective parameters.