TABLE 3.
Distribution of carbapenem resistant genes in carbapenem-resistant or ESBL-E. coli isolates in pigs based on literature review.
| Country | Selection criteria | Year of collection | Number of isolates tested | Genes (number of isolates carrying the gene) | References |
| China | Carbapenem-R | 2009–2014 | 22 | blaKPC–2 (2), blaNDM (0), blaIMP (0), blaVIM (0), blaOXA–48 (0) | Cheng et al., 2019 |
| Carbapenem-R | 2015–2017 | 9 | blaNDM–5 (9) | Ho et al., 2018 | |
| Carbapenem-R | 2014–2015 | 5 | blaNDM–1 (5) | Lin et al., 2017 | |
| ESBL positive | 2015–2017 | 44 | blaOXA–48 (4), blaKPC–2 (2), blaNDM–1 (1) | Liu et al., 2018 | |
| ESBL positive | 2006–2009 | 10 | blaKPC–2 (0) | Tian et al., 2012 | |
| Europe | Carbapenem-R | 2015–2016 | 11 | blaOXA–181 (2), blaKPC (0), blaNDM (0), blaVIM (0) | Pulss et al., 2017 |
| Germany | ESBL positive | 2011 | 221 | blaVIM–1 (1) | Fischer et al., 2012; Roschanski et al., 2017 |
| Greece | ESBL positive | Unknown | 11 | blaKPC (0), blaNDM (0), blaIMP (0), blaVIM (0), blaOXA–48 (0) | Athanasakopoulou et al., 2021 |
| India | Carbapenem-R | 2014–2016 | 23 | blaNDM (8), blaKPC (0), blaIMP (0), blaVIM (0) | Pruthvishree et al., 2017 |
| Carbapenem-R | 2016–2017 | 9 | blaNDM–1 (1), blaNDM–5 (1) | Tamta et al., 2020 | |
| South Korea | ESBL positive | 2001–2011 | 95 | blaNDM–1 (14), blaKPC (12), blaVIM (5) | Han et al., 2016 |
| ESBL positive | 2017–2020 | 161 | blaNDM (0), blaKPC (0) | Lee et al., 2021 |