Table 1.
Demographic and physical characteristics.
| HC (n = 67) |
Asymptomatic
BD (n = 48) |
Symptomatic
BD (n = 39) |
F/H/ χ2 | p-value | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 17.06 ± 1.38 | 17.51 ± 1.60 | 17.43 ± 1.64 | 1.42 | 0.25 | 0.02 | |
| Sex (n, % female) | 39 (58%) | 31 (65%) | 27 (69%) | 1.36 | 0.51 | 0.09 | |
| Race (n, %) c | European | 36 (54%) | 37 (77%) | 29 (74.5%) | 27.59 | 0.02* | 0.30 |
| South East/Eastern Asian | 12 (18%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (5.1%) | ||||
| Black or African | 7 (10.5%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
| South Asian | 5 (7.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.6%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 2 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 2 (5.1%) | ||||
| Aboriginal | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.6%) | ||||
| West Asian or Middle Eastern | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2.6%) | ||||
| Other | 5 (7%) | 6 (13%) | 3 (7.5%) | ||||
| Intact family (n, % yes) | 45 (67%) | 32 (67%) | 25 (64%) | 0.11 | 0.95 | 0.03 | |
| BMI (adjusted)a,b | 22.20 ± 3.69 | 23.28 ± 3.57 | 25.66 ± 5.60 | 14.34 | 0.001* | 0.08 | |
| Blood pressure diastolic | 68.16 ± 7.69 | 69.49 ± 7.35 | 70.29 ± 9.10 | 0.95 | 0.39 | 0.01 | |
| Blood pressure systolic | 107.60 ± 12.30 | 108.63 ± 12.60 | 110.55 ± 13.34 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.01 | |
| Tanner Stage d | 5 | 20 (30%) | 25 (53%) | 26 (70%) | 20.33 | 0.002* | 0.26 |
| 4 | 41 (62%) | 19 (41%) | 9 (24%) | ||||
| 3 | 5 (8%) | 3 (6%) | 1 (3%) | ||||
| 2 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | ||||
| CRP (mg/L) ⩾ 1 (n, %) e | 13 (19%) | 20 (42%) | 17 (46%) | 9.27 | 0.01* | 0.25 | |
| CRP (mg/L) ⩾ 3 (n, %) e | 4 (6%) | 9 (19%) | 9 (23%) | 7.03 | 0.03* | 0.21 | |
| CRP (mg/L) ⩾ 5 (n, %) f | 1 (1%) | 2 (4%) | 5 (13%) | 6.57 | 0.04* | 0.21 | |
BD: bipolar disorder; HC: healthy control; BMI: body mass index. CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Non-normally distributed, examined using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test.
Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise specified.
Effect size was reported as partial eta square = for ANOVA, eta square = η2 for Kruskal–Wallis, and Cramér’s V = V for Crosstab
Missing cases (n): blood pressure diastolic (2); blood pressure systolic (1); Tanner stage (4).
Symptomatic showed higher value compared with HC.
Asymptomatic showed higher value compared with HC.
HC showed higher percentage of South East/Eastern Asian ancestry than the other two groups.
Symptomatic showed lower percentage of stage 4 and higher percentage of stage 5 compared with HC.
HC showed lower percentage compared with the other two groups.
Symptomatic group showed higher percentage than the other two groups.
Significant difference.