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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Immunol. 2022 Feb 1;23(2):194–202. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01104-y

Table 1 ∣.

Summary of clinical manifestations during acute COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome

Acute COVID-19 (mild-severe) Post-COVID-19 syndrome
Systemic manifestations Fever Fatigue
Weakness Poor concentration
Asthenia Restriction of daily activities
Shivering Chronic malaise
Asthenia
Respiratory manifestations Dyspnea Dyspnea
Cough Persistent cough
Interstitial pneumonia Exacerbation of asthma
ARDS Reduced DLCO
Hemoptysis Persistent radiological abnormalities
Pleurisy
Neuropsychiatric manifestations Olfactory and gustatory impairments Sleep abnormalities
Encephalopathy Chronic headache
Delirium Olfactory and gustatory impairments
Cerebrovascular accidents Brain fog
Stress reactions Defects in memory and concentration
Psychosis Depression
Sensory loss Anxiety
Gait abnormalities Post-traumatic stress disorder
Dizziness
Imbalance
Vertigo
Psychosis and hallucinations
Small fiber neuropathy
Postural tremor
Pain syndromes
Neurodegenerative disorders
Musculo-skeletal manifestations Myalgia Myalgia
Joint pain Joint pain
Small joint arthritis
Cardiac manifestations Myocardial injury Atypical chest pain
Myocarditis Chest tightness
Acute heart failure Palpitations
Cardiomyopathy Tachycardia
Cardiac dysrhythmias Conduction abnormalities and dysrhythmias
Orthostatic hypotension
Vasovagal syncope
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Vascular manifestations Diffuse intravascular coagulation Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis
Thromboembolic events
Gastrointestinal manifestations Diarrhea Loss of appetite
Nausea Abdominal pain
Vomiting Nausea
Abdominal pain Weight loss
Abnormal liver function tests Altered bowel motility
Irritable bowel syndrome
Dysphagia
Endocrine manifestations Diabetes mellitus Persistent glycemic abnormalities
Diabetic ketoacidosis Subacute thyrotoxicosis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Grave’s disease
Lipid abnormalities
Renal manifestations Acute kidney injury Decreased GFR
Microhematuria
Dermatological manifestations Skin rash Skin rash
Telogen effluvium
Nail alterations
Miscellaneous manifestations Conjunctivitis Hearing loss
Sore throat Tinnitus
Neck pain Red eyes
Sore throat
Lab abnormalities Myriad of lab abnormalities detailed in the text Elevated neutrophils
LCN-2
MMP-7
HGF
Elevated D-dimer
Anemia
Lipid abnormalities
Elevated HbA1C
Reduced serum albumin
Abnormal liver function tests
Thrombocytosis
Coagulation abnormalities
Electrolyte abnormaliities

ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; LCN-2, lipocalin 2; MMP-7, matrix metalloprotease 7.