Table 1.
Researches on RCC drug resistance using traditional in-vitro and in-vivo models.
| Year | Model | Primary/secondary | Resisted drug | In vitro/vivo | Core molecule | Alternative/combined drug | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | Lysosomal sequestration | – | (6) |
| 2012 | Caki-1 | Secondary | Everolimus/VPA | In vitro | HDAC | VPA | (7) |
| 2013 | Caki-1 | Secondary | VPA | In vitro, vivo | Akt | – | (8) |
| 2013 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | mTOR, PI3K | Rapamycin analogs | (9) |
| 2013 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib/sorafenib | In vitro | β-Catenin Signaling | Ovatodiolide | (10) |
| 2013 | ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | Akt | – | (11) |
| 2013 | ACHN, A498, Caki-1, Caki-2 | Secondary | Vinblastine | In vitro | P-glycoprotein | – | (12) |
| 2013 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | EMMPRIN | – | (13) |
| 2013 | ACHN | Secondary | Temsirolimus | In vitro, vivo | mTORC2 | – | (14) |
| 2013 | UMRC3 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vivo | Autotaxin | – | (15) |
| 2014 | 786-O, A498, ACHN, CAKI1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | Sphingosine kinase-1 | – | (16) |
| 2014 | Caki-1, KTCTL-26, A498 | Secondary | Temsirolimus | In vitro | integrin α5, integrin β3 | – | (17) |
| 2014 | Caki-1 | Secondary | Temsirolimus | In vitro | cdk2, cyclin A | VPA | (18) |
| 2015 | Caki-1, KTC-26, A498 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | cdk1, cdk2, Akt, Rictor, Raptor, p27 | Everolimus | (19) |
| 2015 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | EZH2 | – | (20) |
| 2015 | KURC1, KURC2, 786-O, Caki-1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vivo | IL13RA2 | – | (21) |
| 2015 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | PD-L1 | – | (22) |
| 2015 | Caki-1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | EGFR | – | (23) |
| 2015 | Caki-1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | Reelin, Notch, BMP-6 | – | (24) |
| 2015 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib, pazopanib, erlotinib, lapatinib | In vitro | Lysosomal sequestration | Everolimus | (25) |
| 2015 | 786-O, RCC10 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | Lysosomal sequestration | Elacridar, LLOM, bortezomib, MG132 | (26) |
| 2016 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | AXL, MET | Cabozantinib | (27) |
| 2016 | ACHN | Secondary | Rapamycin | In vitro | GSK-3β, 4EBP1 | – | (28) |
| 2016 | ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | p44/42 MAPK, VEGFR-2 |
Axitinib | (29) |
| 2017 | 769-P | Secondary | Sorafenib/sunitinib | In vitro | MUC13 | – | (30) |
| 2017 | HK-2 KD, 786-O KD, Sor001 | Primary | mTOR and tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
In vitro, vivo | PDPK1 | CYD-6-17 | (31) |
| 2017 | ACHN, RCC23 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | miR-575, miR-642b-3p, and miR- 4430 (↑), miR-18a-5p, miR-29b-1-5p, miR-431-3p, and miR-4521 (↓) | – | (32) |
| 2017 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | CAV1 | – | (33) |
| 2017 | 786-O, UMRC2 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | EZH2 | – | (34) |
| 2018 | ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | LAMP−2 | – | (35) |
| 2018 | Caki-2 | Secondary | Doxorubicin /vinblastine |
In vitro, vivo | ABCC1 | – | (36) |
| 2018 | 786-O | Secondary | Metformin | In vitro | Histone H3 acetylation (↓) |
VPA | (37) |
| 2018 | 786O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | RCAN1.4 | – | (38) |
| 2019 | Caki-1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | miR-130b, PTEN | – | (39) |
| 2019 | 786-O, OS-RC-2 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | FZD1 | – | (40) |
| 2019 | 786-o | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | miR-99a-3p, RRM2 | – | (41) |
| 2019 | ACHN, Caki-1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | EMT-related genes | – | (42) |
| 2019 | 786-O | Secondary | Everolimus | In vitro | miRNA-101, HIF-2α | – | (43) |
| 2019 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | COX-2, PGE2, CD133 | – | (44) |
| 2019 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | EIF3D, GRP78 | – | (45) |
| 2020 | Caki-1, 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | YB-1, ABCB-1 | Elacridar | (46) |
| 2020 | 786-O | Secondary | Pazopanib | In vitro, vivo | Gankyrin, STAT3, CCL24, CCR3 | – | (47) |
| 2020 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sorafenib | In vitro, vivo | miR-31-5p, MLH1 | – | (48) |
| 2020 | 786-O, A498, ACHN, caki1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | – | Rapalink-1 | (49) |
| 2020 | 786-O, A498, ACHN, Caki1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | RAB27B | – | (50) |
| 2020 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | SNHG12, CDCA3 | – | (51) |
| 2020 | 786-O, OS-RC-2, TK-10 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | CDK4-RB | Wogonin | (52) |
| 2020 | 769P, 786O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | MALAT1, miR-362-3p, G3BP1 | – | (53) |
| 2020 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | YB1, EphA2 | – | (54) |
| 2020 | ACHN, 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | LINC00160, SAA1 | – | (55) |
| 2020 | ACHN, 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | CCAT1, c-Myc | – | (56) |
| 2020 | Caki-1,786-O, KTCTL26, A-498 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | – | Artesunate | (57) |
| 2020 | Caki-1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | – | HDACI | (58) |
| 2020 | ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | LAMP-2A, LAMP-2B |
– | (59) |
| 2020 | ACHN, 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | DAPK1 | – | (60) |
| 2020 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | SLC1A5 | – | (61) |
| 2021 | – | Secondary | VEGFR-TKIs | In vitro, vivo | ACE2, Ang- (1-7) | – | (62) |
| 2021 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | HIF-2, Plk1 | Volasertib | (63) |
| 2021 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | TFE3 | – | (64) |
| 2021 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | PI3K, AKT | G-1 | (65) |
| 2021 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | MX2 | – | (66) |
| 2021 | – | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | Lefty A | – | (67) |
| 2021 | 786-O, A498, Caki-1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | miR-17~92 cluster, PD-L1 | – | (68) |
| 2021 | Autochthonous Vhl/Trp53/Rb1 mutant ccRCC mouse model | Primary | PT2399 | In vivo | Sphingosine-1-phosphate | FTY720 | (69) |
| 2021 | 786O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | PFKFB4 | – | (70) |
| 2021 | HUVEC (human endothelial cell) | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro | – | Axitinib, sorafenib | (1) |
| 2021 | A498 | Secondary | Imatinib | In vitro | PDIA6 | – | (71) |
| 2021 | 786-O | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vivo | BTRC, TRIM32 | – | (72) |
| 2021 | 786-O, ACHN | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | circRNA_001895 | – | (73) |
| 2021 | – | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | circSNX6 | – | (74) |
| 2022 | 786-O | Secondary | Everolimus | In vitro | p-4EBP1, p-AKT, HIF1α, HIF2α | Norcantharidin | (75) |
| 2022 | Caki-1, SN12K1 | Secondary | Sunitinib | In vitro, vivo | IL-6, VEGF, Bcl-2 | Tocilizumab | (76) |
↑ means high expression levels.
↓ means low expression levels.