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. 2022 May 24;20:121. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01326-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Disordered spermatogenesis in the prediabetic model. A The schematic to illustrate the experimental design. B Representative testicular and epididymal sections are stained with H&E and IHC for MVH. Scale bars = 100 μm and 50 μm. C The percentage of histomorphologically normal tubules in testicular samples from the three groups (n = 6). D The rate of MVH-positive cells in seminiferous tubules (n = 12). E (a) Western blot of MVH in the three groups. (b) Relative expression of MVH in each group (n = 6). F UMAP plot of round spermatids in testes, as defined by scRNA-seq analysis. G The percentage of four stages of round spermatids from the three groups. H (a-c) Single-cell trajectories of round spermatids in each group are shown with cells ordered in pseudotime. Branch point in the prediabetes group represents an arrest on transition from S2 to S3 Round Std