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. 2022 May 24;20:121. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01326-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Fecal microbiota transplantation to confirm the influence of microbiota dysbiosis on spermatogenesis. A H&E staining of control-FMT, prediabetes-FMT, and rescue-FMT testicular tissue. B Percentage of normal seminiferous tubules in testes of the three groups (n = 3). C IHC staining for MVH in representative sections of the testicular tissues of the three groups. D The rate of MVH-positive cells within seminiferous tubules in testes of the three groups (n = 9). E (a) Western blot of MVH in the three FMT groups. (b) Relative expression of MVH in each group (n = 4). F The relative abundance of (a) sphingosine in serum and (b) testes of the three FMT groups (n = 6). G (a) TUNEL staining of representative sections within testicular and epididymal tissues of three FMT groups, and the rate of TUNEL-positive cells in (b) testicular tubules (n = 3) and (c) epididymides (n = 3). H The relative expression of (a) Bcl-2, (b) Bax, (c) Bax/Bcl-2, and (d) Caspase3 in testes of the three FMT groups (n = 3). I (a) Western blot of Actived-CASPASE-3, Pro-CASPASE-3, BCL-2, BAX, and β-ACTIN in the three FMT groups; the relative expression of (b) BAX/BCL-2 and (c) Actived-CASPASE-3/Pro-CASPASE-3 in the three FMT groups (n = 3)