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. 2022 May 23;20:69. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-00889-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Extracellular cellular (EVs) biogenesis in plant cells. Exosomes biogenesis and trafficking in plant cells mechanistically are similar to those of animal cells. Exosomes are generated from multivesicular bodies (MVB) inside the cell with Tet8 marker, which is an alternative to CD63 protein of animal exosomes. MVBs may fuse with the plasma membrane to release distinct types of exosomes for intercellular communication (1) or defense against various pathogens infection (2). Furthermore, MVBs may fuse with the vacuoles to form MVBs-Vacuole hydride vesicles that finally fuse with the plasma membrane and exosomes are released into extracellular space (3). It is unknown that whether plant cells contain different types of MVBs with specific exosomes or not. Another subtype of P-EVs has known as the EXPO that formed independently of the MVBs pathway (4)