Table 1.

Propolis type, including geographical zone, country of origin, botanical source(s) and marker compounds (in bold) characterising origin and biological activity, reported for propolis

Geographical zone	Major plant source(s)	Country of origin	Key compounds	Markers compounds and bioactivity	References
Temperate	Birch	Russia, Poland	Flavones and flavonols different from Poplar-type	Bioflavonoids (anti-oxidant activity)	Gromenko et al. (2008) and Sforcin and Bankova (2011)
	Poplar-(Populus tremuloides, P. trichocarpa)	Canada	Aliphatic acids, aromatic acids, chalcones, flavonols and flavanones	Benzyl hydroxybenzoate (anti-oxidant); Cinnamic acid (anti-oxidant); Dihydrochalcones (anti-oxidant); Galangin (anti-inflammatory, antifungal); p-Hydroxyacetophenone (anti-oxidant)	Blonska et al. (2004) and Christov et al. (2006)
	Poplar (P. nigra, P. × euramercana, P. candaensis—China)	Britain, China, Germany, France, India, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay, USA	Cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, flavanones, flavones and flavonols	Benzyl caffeate (antiproliferative); Caffeic acid (immunomodulatory, anti-quorum sensing, anti-oxidant); Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (immunomodulatory antitumor, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory; neuroprotective); Chrysin (anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer); Cinnamic acid (antifungal); p-Coumaric acid (antifungal); Cinnamyl caffeate (antiproliferative); 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid (antifungal); Ferulic acid (antifungal); Galangin (antifungal); Kaempferol (anti-inflammatory, antifungal); Morin (antifungal); Naringenin (antifungal); Pinobanksin (antibacterial); Pinocembrin (anti-oxidant antifungal); Quercetin (immunomodulatory, antimetastatic, anti-inflammatory); Rhamnetin (cytotoxic)	Banskota et al. (2002), Blonska et al. (2004), Márquez et al. (2004), Oršolić et al. (2004), Park et al. (2004), Okutan et al. (2005), Oršolić et al. (2006), Quiroga et al. (2006), Sha et al. (2009), Guo et al. (2011), Sawicka et al. (2012), Silva et al. (2013), Kasote et al. (2015) and Kasote et al. (2017)
Sub-tropical	Poplar (P. nigra, P. euphatica)	Turkey	Aliphatic and aromatic acids, alcohols, fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, flavones, flavonols and ketones	Caffeic acid and its esters (antimicrobial); Galangin (anti-inflammatory); Chrysin (anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory); Quercetin (immunomodulatory, antimetastatic)	Kartal et al. (2003), Blonska et al. (2004), Oršolić et al. (2004), Uzel et al. (2005), Duran et al. (2011) and Sawicka et al. (2012)
	Lepidosperma spp., Acacia paradoxa	Australia	Cinnamic acid esters, chalcones, flavonols and stilbenes	Prenylated cinnamate (anti-oxidant); Stilbenes (anti-oxidant)	Abu-Mellal et al. (2012) and Tran et al. (2012)
	Poplar, unknown source of triterpenes	Egypt	Aliphatic acid, aromatic acid, chalcones, flavones, flavonols and their esters, and triterpenes	Chrysin (anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory); Aromatic acid esters (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral); Triterpenoids (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral)	Abd El Hady and Hegazi (2002), Hegazi and Abd El Hady (2002) and Sawicka et al. (2012)
	Ferula spp., Poplar	Iran	Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, flavonols, mono- and sesquiterpene esters of benzoic acids, prenylated coumarin and suberosin	Kaempferol (anti-inflammatory); Mono- and sesquiterpene esters of benzoic acids (antibacterial)	Blonska et al. (2004) and Trusheva et al. (2010)
	Poplar, unknown source of triterpenes	Jordan	Aromatic acid, flavones, flavanones and sesquiterpenoids	Chrysin (anti-oxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory)	Shaheen et al. (2011) and Sawicka et al. (2012)
	Cupressus sempervirens, minor source—poplar (Mediterranean)	Greece, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Malta	Diterpenes, aromatic acids and their esters, flavonols and flavanones	Diterpenes (antimicrobial)	Velikova et al. (2000), Sahinler and Kaftanoglu (2005), Popova et al. (2009), Popova et al. (2010b) and Popova et al. (2011)
	Dalbergia sissoo	Nepal	Flavanones, isoflavones, neoflavonoids and pterocarpans	Neoflavonoids (inhibition of nitric oxide production)	Awale et al. (2005) and; Shrestha et al. (2007)
	Pacific (Macaranga tanarius)	Japan (Okinawa), Taiwan	Prenylflavanones	Propolin A (cytotoxic and anti-oxidant); Propolin B (cytotoxic and anti-oxidant); Propolin D (antimicrobial); Propolin G (antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-oxidant); Propolin H (antimicrobial)	Chen et al. (2003), Chen et al. (2004), Kumazawa et al. (2004), Kumazawa et al. (2007) and Raghukumar et al. (2010)
Tropical	Poplar	Argentina	Aromatic acids and their esters, chalcone, epoxy lignans, flavones and flavonols	Chrysin (anticancer, anti-inflammatory); 2′, 4′-Dihydroxychalcone (anti-oxidant and antibacterial); 2′,4′-Dihydroxy 3′-methoxychalcone (anti-oxidant and antibacterial); Kaempferol (anti-inflammatory); Pinocembrin (antifungal); Quercetin (immunomodulatory, antimetastatic)	Blonska et al. (2004), Oršolić et al. (2004), Isla et al. (2005), Quiroga et al. (2006) and Agüero et al. (2011)
	Baccharis dracunculifolia	Brazil (Brazilian Green)	Benzoic and chlorogenic acids, prenylated phenylpropanoids (e.g. artepillin C)	Artepillin C (anti-tumor and anticancer, vaccine adjuvants); Baccharin (antitumor); Caffeic acid (anti-ulcer); Chrysin (anticancer, anti-inflammatory); Cinnamic acids (anti-ulcer); p-Coumaric acid (anti-ulcer); Coniferyl aldehyde (cytotoxic); Drupanin (antitumor); Ferulic acid (anti-ulcer); Kaempferide (cytotoxic); Quercetin (immunomodulatory, antimetastatic); 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavanol (cytotoxic);	Bankova et al. (1996), Banskota et al. (1998), Blonska et al. (2004), Oršolić et al. (2004), Bankova (2005a), Mishima et al. (2005), Piccinelli et al. (2005), Trusheva et al. (2006), Awale et al. (2008), Li et al. (2008), Castro et al. (2009), Messerli et al. (2009), Fischer et al. (2010), Teixeira et al. (2010), Righi et al. (2011), Endo et al. (2012), Sawicka et al. (2012), Silva et al. (2013), Bueno-Silva et al. (2013) and Olegário et al. (2019)
	Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, Clusia spp.	Brazil (Brazilian red)	Isoflavonoids, phenolics, prenylated benzophenones and triterpenoids	Hyperibone A (cytotoxic and antimicrobial); (6aR,11aR)-3,8-Dihydroxy-9-methoxypterocarpan (cytotoxic); Moronic acid (anti-HIV); Mucronulatol (cytotoxic); Neovestitol (anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial); Vestitol (anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial)
	Araucaria angistifolia, Eucalyptus spp.	Brazil (Brazilian brown)	Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxypropiophenone,19-acetoxy-13-hydroxyabda-8(17),14-diene, totarol, 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, communic acid, isopimaric acid,	Communic acid (antimicrobial, antiplasmodial), isopimaric acid (cytotoxic, antimicrobial), imbricataloic acid (antimicrobial)
	Mangifera indica, Macaranga tanarius	Indonesia	Alk(en)ylresorcinols, cycloartane-type triterpenes and prenylflavanones	Prenylflavanones (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial)	Trusheva et al. (2010)
	Mangifera indica	Thailand	alk(en)ylresorcinols, anacardic acids, cycloartane-type triterpenes	Alk(en)ylresorcinols, anacardic acids (antibacterial)	Sanpa et al. (2017)
	Mangifera indica	Myanmar	Cycloartane-type triterpenes	(22Z,24E)-3-Oxocycloart-22,24-dien-26-oic acid (cytotoxic); (2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-8,3′-diprenylflavanone (cytotoxic)	Li et al. (2009)
	Unknown	Chile	Benzaldehyde, benzopyran or dihydrobenzofuran and phenylpropane	Benzaldehyde, benzopyran or dihydrobenzofuran and phenylpropane (antimicrobial)	Valcic et al. (1999)
	Dalbergia ecastaphyllum	Cuba (Cuban red)	Isoflavones, isoflavanes, pterocarpans	Isoflavonoids (antibacterial and antifungal, anticancer)	Rubio et al. (1999), Hernández et al. (2005), Piccinelli et al. (2005), Monzote et al. (2012) and Díaz-Carballo et al. (2013)
	Clusia rosea, Clusia nemorosa	Cuba (Cuban brown)	Polyprenylated benzophenones	Polyprenylated benzophenones (antimicrobial, anticancer)
	Unknown	El Salvador	Chalcones and diterpene glycosides	2′,3′-Dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxychalcone (antibacterial and antifungal); ent-8(17)-Labden-15-O-(3′-O-acetyl)-alpha-l-rhamnoside (antibacterial); ent-8(17)-Labden-15-O-alpha-l-rhamnoside (antibacterial); 2′,3′,4-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-chalcone (antibacterial and antifungal)	Popova et al. (2001b)
	Macaranga schweinfurthii	Kenya	Arylnaphthalene, geranylstilbenes, geranylflavone and lignans	Geranylstilbenes (antibacterial); Geranylflavon (anti-oxidant)	Petrova et al. (2010)
	Dalbergia unknown source	Mexico	Diphenyl propanes, flavanones, isoflavans and pterocarpans	(2R,3R)-3,5-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone 3-(2-methyl)butyrate(cytotoxic); (2R,3R)-6-[1-(4′-Hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]pinobanksin (cytotoxic); (2R,3R)-6-[1-(4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]pinobanksin 3-acetate (cytotoxic); (7″R)-8-[1-(4'-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]pinobanksin (cytotoxic); (7″R)-8-[1-(4'-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]galangin (cytotoxic); Chrysin (cytotoxic); (2R,3S)-8-[4-Phenylprop-2-en-1-one]-4′,7-dihydroxy-3′,5-dimethoxyflavan-3-ol (cytotoxic)	Lotti et al. (2010) and Li et al. (2011)
	Macaranga spp.	Solomon Islands	Prenylated flavonoids and prenylated stilbene	Bonannione A (anti-oxidant); (2S)-5,7-Dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone (anti-oxidant); Solomonin (antibacterial); ++ Solophenol A (anti-oxidant; antibacterial); Solophenol B (antibacterial); Solophenol C (antibacterial); Solophenol D (antibacterial); Sophoraflavanone A (anti-oxidant)	Inui et al. (2012)
	Clusia spp.	Venezuela	Flavonoids and polyprenylated benzophenones	Acetyl triterpenes (antimicrobial); Scrobiculatones A (antibacterial) Scrobiculatones B (antibacterial)	Righi et al. (2011), Monzote et al. (2012) and Tomás-Barberán et al. (1993)