Table 3.
The concentration of essential plant nutrient and trace metals (mg kg−1) in soils with wastewater (WWI) vis-a-vis groundwater (GWI) irrigation
| Place | Time of study | Wastewater type | Element | Trace metal concentration | Times | Researcher | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WWI | GWI | ||||||
| Kolkata | 50–60 | Sewage effluents | Fe | 22,120 | 9090 | 2.43 | Gupta and Mitra (2002) |
| Zn | 1210 | 26 | 46.5 | ||||
| Cu | 198 | 52 | 3.81 | ||||
| Mn | 382 | 446 | 0.86 | ||||
| Cd | 3.72 | 0.04 | 93.0 | ||||
| Pb | 385 | 24.2 | 15.9 | ||||
| Co | 46.6 | 12.0 | 3.88 | ||||
| Ni | 61.0 | 25 | 2.44 | ||||
| Cr | 164 | 24.8 | 6.61 | ||||
| Cu | 1.8–6.3 | 1.15 | 1.57–5.48 | ||||
| Cd | 0.12–0.20 | 0.15 | 0.80–1.33 | ||||
| Faridabad | 20 | Sewage water | Fe | 2207 | 966 | 2.28 | APR (2002–03) CSSRI Karnal |
| Zn | 261 | 53 | 4.92 | ||||
| Cu | 60 | 23 | 2.61 | ||||
| Mn | 241 | 188 | 1.28 | ||||
| Cd | 4.2 | 1.1 | 3.82 | ||||
| Ni | 73 | 19 | 3.84 | ||||
| Cr | 79 | 23 | 3.43 | ||||
| Ludhiana | – | Sewage water | Pb | 7.12 | 3.88 | 1.84 | Dheri et al. (2007) |
| Cr | 0.71 | 0.02 | 35.5 | ||||
| Cd | 0.18 | 0.05 | 3.60 | ||||
| Ni | 14.3 | 1.00 | 14.3 | ||||
| Kurukshetra | 25 | Sewage effluents | Zn | 2.65 | 0.99 | 2.68 | Yadav et al. (2002) |
| Cu | 2.06 | 1.45 | 1.42 | ||||
| Fe | 22.7 | 17.8 | 1.28 | ||||
| Mn | 7.2 | 5.8 | 1.24 | ||||
| Pb | 1.65 | 0.99 | 1.67 | ||||
| Ni | 3.3 | 2.4 | 1.38 | ||||
| Cr | 6.8 | 2.2 | 3.09 | ||||
| Cu | 17.0 | 15.5 | 1.10 | ||||
| Pb | 16.5 | 11.0 | 1.50 | ||||
| Cd | 40.5 | 26.5 | 1.53 | ||||
| Rohtak | 35 | Sewage effluents | Fe | 11.24 | 2.48 | 4.53 | Rana et al. (2010) |
| Mn | 2.04 | 0.46 | 4.43 | ||||
| Ni | 4.28 | 0.31 | 13.8 | ||||
| Cd | 0.61 | N.D | - | ||||
| Zn | 10.62 | 2.53 | 4.19 | ||||
| Cu | 3.82 | 0.65 | 5.87 | ||||
| Pb | 3.59 | 1.06 | 3.38 | ||||
| Bhopal | 5 | Sewage effluents | Fe | 8.27 | 7.70 | 1.07 | Saha et al. (2010) |
| Mn | 9.46 | 8.35 | 1.13 | ||||
| Zn | 0.82 | 0.58 | 1.41 | ||||
| Cu | 1.21 | 1.13 | 1.07 | ||||
| Ahmednagar, Maharashtra | – | Sewage effluents | Fe | 4.81–7.26 | – | – | Kharche et al. (2011) |
| Mn | 0.45–1.17 | – | – | ||||
| Zn | 0.63–2.00 | – | – | ||||
| Cu | 0.024–1.18 | – | – | ||||
| Titagarh, WB | - | Wastewater | Pb | 130.45 | – | – | Gupta et al. (2008) |
| Zn | 217.08 | – | – | ||||
| Cd | 30.72 | – | – | ||||
| Cr | 148.41 | – | – | ||||
| Cu | 89.98 | – | – | ||||
| Ni | 103.67 | – | – | ||||
| Zn | 95.67 | 86.75 | 1.10 | ||||
| Fe | 171.75 | 191.75 | 0.90 | ||||
| Cu | 26.33 | 17.08 | 1.54 | ||||
| Cd | 2.27 | N.D | - | ||||
| Cd | 1.00 | N.D | - | ||||
| Shandong, China | 30 | Sewage water | Mn | 864.04 | 452.77 | 1.91 | Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Zn | 107.36 | 41.85 | 2.57 | ||||
| Cu | 34.2 | 16.7 | 2.05 | ||||
| Cd | 0.2 | 0.13 | 1.54 | ||||
| Cr | 87.89 | 45.19 | 1.94 | ||||
| Pb | 51.75 | 24.67 | 2.10 | ||||
| Ni | 43.63 | 11.47 | 3.80 | ||||
| As | 6.37 | 4.21 | 1.51 | ||||
| Co | 15.33 | 9.06 | 1.69 | ||||
| V | 85.56 | 56.85 | 1.51 | ||||