Table 3.

Behavioral descriptions for facial fear, escape behavior, and gaze codes

Behavior	Level	Behavioral description
Facial fear	0	No facial region shows fear
	1	One facial region shows fear/low intensity fear
	2	Two facial regions show fear or one region shows very distinct facial fear
	3	Change occurs in all three facial regions; impression of strong facial fear
Escape behavior	0	No escape behavior or social referencing
	1	Mild or fleeting escape behavior (e.g. turning away, sinking into chair)
	2	Moderate escape behavior resulting in significant, but not extreme attempts to get away or resist; Full body movements such as arching back, twisting away, and leaning away are included, as well as hitting, pushing, and slapping
	3	Vigorous escape behavior, usually involving linked, intense full-body movements like those found in “2”
Gaze		Looking at parent: must be looking at the parent at or above shoulders
		Looking away: gaze not directed at the parent, stranger, or examiner
		Looking at stranger: must be looking at the stranger at or above shoulders

Notes. Coding schemes for facial fear were used from the LocoMotor Version 3.1 Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Goldsmith and Rothbart 1996)