Table 1. Patients’ characteristic for patients stratified according to baseline MDRO colonization.
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 97) | MDRO colonization (n = 34) | No MDRO colonization (n = 63) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 57 (10) | 54 (8) | 58 (10) | 0.372 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 76 (78.4) | 25 (73.5) | 51 (81.0) | 0.444 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis | ||||
| Alcohol, n (%) | 48 (49.5) | 21 (61.8) | 27 (42.9) | 0.091 |
| Viral Hepatitis, n (%) | 24 (24.7) | 7 (20.6) | 17 (27.0) | 0.802 |
| NASH, n (%) | 4 (4.1) | 1 (2.9) | 3 (4.7) | 1.000 |
| Cryptogenic, n (%) | 5 (5.2) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (6.3) | 0.654 |
| other, n (%) | 16 (16.5) | 4 (11.8) | 12 (19.0) | 0.407 |
| ICU admission during hospital stay, n (%) | 93 (95.9) | 33 (97.1) | 60 (95.2) | 1.000 |
| Days on ICU, median (IQR) | 4 (2) | 4 (1) | 3 (1) | 0.180 |
| Hemorrhagic shock at bleeding, n (%) | 54 (55.7) | 20 (58.8) | 34 (54.0) | 0.674 |
| Stage of liver disease | ||||
| MELD-Score, median (IQR) | 17 (5) | 18 (8) | 17 (5) | 0.991 |
| Child-Pugh B/C n (%) | 82 (84.5) | 28 (82.4) | 54 (85.7) | 0.770 |
| Ascites, n (%) | 71 (73.2) | 24 (70.6) | 47 (74.6) | 0.811 |
| ACLF present at bleeding, n (%) | 46 (47.4) | 19 (55.9) | 27 (42.9) | 0.287 |
| Risk factors for MDRO | ||||
| Prior hospitalization, n (%) | 69 (71.1) | 24 (70.6) | 45 (71.4) | 1.000 |
| Prior ICU admission, n (%) | 24 (24.7) | 8 (23.5) | 16 (25.4) | 1.000 |
| Prior systemic antibiotics, n (%) | 41 (42.3) | 21 (61.8) | 20 (31.7) | 0.005 |
| Prior MDRO infections, n (%) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 0.121 |
| Laboratory results, median (IQR) | ||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.1 (0.7) | 0.465 |
| White blood count (/nl) | 8.2 (2.0) | 8.4 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.9) | 0.463 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 7.9 (1.4) | 7.5 (1.0) | 8.3 (1.9) | 0.352 |
| Serum Sodium (mmol/l) | 138 (5) | 138 (3) | 137 (5) | 0.565 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 2.1 (1.0) | 1.5 (0.5) | 2.3 (1) | 0.290 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.505 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.2) | 0.721 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.4) | 0.457 |
| Platelets (/nl) | 82 (25) | 86 (21) | 78 (21) | 0.368 |
| Endoscopy findings/therapy | ||||
| Time to endoscopy, hours, IQR | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 1.000 |
| Grade of EV | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 1.000 |
| Active bleeding at endoscopy | 66 (68.0) | 25 (73.5) | 41 (65.5) | 0.500 |
| Additional fundus varices | 31 (32.0) | 9 (26.5) | 22 (34.9) | 0.500 |
| Endoscopic treatment | ||||
| EV ligature | 71 (73.2) | 26 (76.5) | 45 (71.4) | 0.639 |
| Injection therapy | 19 (19.6) | 7 (20.6) | 12 (19.0) | 1.000 |
| EV Stenting | 3 (3.1) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.2) | 1.000 |
| TIPS placement during hospitalization | 11 (11.3) | 4 (11.8) | 7 (11.1) | 1.000 |
| Terlipressin treatment for 3–5 days | 77 (79.4) | 30 (88.2) | 47 (74.6) | 0.187 |
| Outcome, n (%) | ||||
| ACLF day 7 | 26 (26.8) | 12 (35.3) | 14 (22.2) | 0.230 |
| Liver transplantation | 6 (6.2) | 1 (2.9) | 5 (7.9) | 0.662 |
| Death/liver transplantation within | ||||
| 30 days, n (%) | 28 (28.9) | 12 (35.3) | 16 (25.4) | 0.345 |
| 365 days, n (%) | 39 (40.2) | 15 (44.1) | 24 (38.1) | 0.665 |
Abbreviations: NASH, non-alcoholic steatosis hepatis; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; MELD, model end stage liver disease; ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; MDRO, multidrug resistant organism; EV, esophagus varices; TIPS, transjugular intravenous portosystemic shunt.