Figure 2.

A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to defining precision adjuvants for a coronavirus vaccine active in older adults. Traditional vaccine development can lead to sub-optimal vaccine efficacy outcomes, normally attributed to an overreliance on nonhuman species-models and underappreciated value of incorporating age-specificity readout into the preclinical vaccine development pipeline. An alternative precision vaccine approach aims to accelerate development of optimal vaccine approaches, increasing the probably the final formulations will better protect the most vulnerable by (a) defining a very broad adjuvant pipeline, (b) rapidly screening adjuvants for activity toward human elderly PBMCs, and (c) combining lead adjuvants with multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Lead adjuvanted vaccines are then advanced to age-specific animal studies and beyond. Abbreviations: PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.