TABLE 7. Number* and percentage^† of legal intervention^§ deaths, by decedent’s sex and precipitating circumstances — National Violent Death Reporting System, 42 states and the District of Columbia,^¶ 2019.

Precipitating circumstance	Male	Female	Total
	No. (%)	No. (%)	No. (%)
Mental health problems or substance use
Substance use problem (excludes alcohol)	188 (29.6)	7 (30.4)	195 (29.6)
Current diagnosed mental health problem	117 (18.4)	8 (34.8)	125 (19.0)
History of ever being treated for a mental health problem	85 (13.4)	4 (17.4)	89 (13.5)
Alcohol problem	70 (11.0)	2 (8.7)	72 (10.9)
Current mental health treatment	44 (6.9)	4 (17.4)	48 (7.3)
Current depressed mood	22 (3.5)	3 (13.0)	25 (3.8)
Other addiction (e.g., gambling or sex)	3 (<1.0)	3 (13.0)	6 (<1.0)
Interpersonal factors
Perpetrator of interpersonal violence during past month	66 (10.4)	1 (4.3)	67 (10.2)
Intimate partner violence related	64 (10.1)	1 (4.3)	65 (9.9)
Family relationship problem	46 (7.2)	1 (4.3)	47 (7.1)
Other relationship problem (nonintimate)	22 (3.5)	0 (0.0)	22 (3.3)
Victim of interpersonal violence during past month	3 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (<1.0)
Jealousy (lovers’ triangle)	3 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (<1.0)
Life stressors
Argument or conflict	111 (17.5)	3 (13.0)	114 (17.3)
Physical fight (two persons, not a brawl)	72 (11.3)	2 (8.7)	74 (11.2)
Crisis during previous or upcoming 2 weeks	48 (7.6)	1 (4.3)	49 (7.4)
History of child abuse or neglect	4 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (<1.0)
Crime and criminal activity
Precipitated by another crime	497 (78.3)	17 (73.9)	514 (78.1)
Crime in progress**	351 (70.6)	9 (52.9)	360 (70.0)
Drug involvement	30 (4.7)	1 (4.3)	31 (4.7)
Gang related	4 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (<1.0)
Homicide circumstance
Victim used a weapon	450 (70.9)	15 (65.2)	465 (70.7)
Stalking	4 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (<1.0)
Victim was a bystander	3 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (<1.0)
Brawl	2 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (<1.0)
Random violence	2 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (<1.0)
Victim was an intervener assisting a crime victim	1 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (<1.0)
Mentally ill suspect	1 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (<1.0)
Hate crime	1 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (<1.0)
Caretaker abuse or neglect led to death	1 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (<1.0)
Prostitution	1 (<1.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (<1.0)
Total††	635 (94.6)	23 (82.1)	658 (94.1)

* Includes deaths with one or more precipitating circumstances. Total numbers do not equal the sums of the columns because more than one circumstance could have been present per decedent.

^† Denominator includes those deaths with one or more precipitating circumstances. The sums of percentages in columns exceed 100% because more than one circumstance could have been present per decedent.

^§ The term “legal intervention” does not denote the lawfulness or legality of the circumstances surrounding the death.

^¶ Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Illinois and Pennsylvania collected data on ≥80% of violent deaths in their state, in accordance with requirements under which these states were funded. Data for Illinois are for violent deaths that occurred in 47 counties (Adams, Alexander, Bond, Boone, Brown, Bureau, Champaign, Clay, Cook, DeKalb, Douglas, DuPage, Effingham, Fayette, Fulton, Grundy, Henry, Iroquois, Jackson, Jefferson, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Lake, Lasalle, Livingston, Logan, McDonough, McHenry, McLean, Macoupin, Madison, Menard, Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Putnam, Rock Island, St. Clair, Sangamon, Schuyler, Stark, Tazewell, Vermilion, Wayne, Will, and Winn). Data for Pennsylvania are for violent deaths that occurred in 40 counties (Adams, Allegheny, Armstrong, Berks, Blair, Bradford, Bucks, Cameron, Cambria, Carbon, Centre, Chester, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Crawford, Dauphin, Delaware, Erie, Fayette, Forest, Greene, Indiana, Jefferson, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Lehigh, Luzerne, Monroe, Montgomery, Northampton, Philadelphia, Schuylkill, Somerset, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Union, Westmoreland, Wyoming, and York). Data for California are for violent deaths that occurred in 30 counties (Amador, Butte, Colusa, Fresno, Glenn, Humboldt, Imperial, Kern, Kings, Lassen, Lake, Los Angeles, Marin, Modoc, Mono, Orange, Placer, Sacramento, San Benito, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Tehama, Trinity, Ventura, and Yolo).

** Denominator includes those decedents involved in an incident that was precipitated by another crime.

^†† Circumstances were unknown for 41 decedents (36 males and five females); total number of legal intervention deaths = 699 (671 males and 28 females).