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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: JAAPA. 2022 May 1;35(5):45–53. doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000824964.37126.d8

Table 3:

Multiple linear regression models for change in score for anxiety, social isolation, and emotional supporta

Change in Anxiety (positive value indicates improvement) Change in Social isolation (positive value indicates improvement) Change in Emotional support (negative value indicates improvement)
Estimate (95% CI) P value Estimate (95% CI) P value Estimate (95% CI) P value
Intercept −6.55 −7.40 5.33
Age, years 0.11 0.94 0.10
 <40 referent group referent group referent group
 ≥40 1.20 (−0.29, 2.68) −0.06 (−1.71, 1.59) −1.12 (−2.45, 0.21)
Gender 0.04 0.43 0.35
 Women referent group referent group referent group
 Men/other 1.60 (0.06, 3.14) 0.68 (−1.03, 2.39) −0.69 (−2.02, 0.72)
Profession 0.50 0.08 0.32
 APP referent group referent group referent group
 Physician 0.57 (−1.10, 2.25) 1.65 (−0.21, 3.51) −0.76 (−2.26, 0.74)
Weeks worked during pandemic 0.23 0.27 0.59
 ≥4 referent group referent group referent group
 <4 0.93 (−0.58, 2.44) 0.95 (−0.74, 2.63) −0.37 (−1.72, 0.98)
Concerned about contracting COVID-19 at work <0.001 0.68 0.56
 Strongly agree or agree referent group referent group referent group
 Otherb 3.02 (1.39, 4.65) 0.38 (−1.43, 2.20) −0.43 (−1.89, 1.03)
Living situation prior to pandemic 0.33 0.11 0.01
 Lived alone referent group referent group referent group
 Lived with 1–4 members −1.39 (−3.77, 0.99) 1.85 (−0.80, 4.49) −3.00 (−5.13, −0.88)
 Lived with 5–10 members −2.48 (−5.78, 0.83) 3.92 (0.25, 7.60) −4.45 (−7.40, −1.50)
Survey site 0.33 0.96 0.61
 A referent group referent group referent group
 B 1.22 (−0.91, 3.26) −0.08 (2.34, 2.19) 0.54 (−1.28, 2.36)
 C 1.21 (−1.19, 3.62) −0.57 (−3.25, 2.10) 0.75 (−1.39, 2.90)
 D −0.55 (−2.46, 1.37) 0.18 (−1.95, 2.31) 1.14 (−0.57, 2.85)

APP: advanced practice provider; CI: confidence interval

a

Separate linear regression models were used for anxiety, social isolation, and emotional support. Each model included the following covariates: age, gender, profession, weeks worked during pandemic, concern about contracting COVID-19 at work, living situation prior to pandemic, and survey site. Outcomes were the change in score, defined as ‘prior to pandemic’ score minus ‘during pandemic’ score. The referent group’s estimate = 0. Positive values for change in anxiety and social isolation indicate improvement, and negative values for change in emotional support indicate improvement.

b

Other refers to neutral, disagree or strongly disagree.

Time periods: prior to pandemic (before March 15, 2020); during pandemic (March 15–April 30, 2020).