Table 3:
Change in Anxiety (positive value indicates improvement) | Change in Social isolation (positive value indicates improvement) | Change in Emotional support (negative value indicates improvement) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (95% CI) | P value | Estimate (95% CI) | P value | Estimate (95% CI) | P value | |
Intercept | −6.55 | −7.40 | 5.33 | |||
Age, years | 0.11 | 0.94 | 0.10 | |||
<40 | referent group | referent group | referent group | |||
≥40 | 1.20 (−0.29, 2.68) | −0.06 (−1.71, 1.59) | −1.12 (−2.45, 0.21) | |||
Gender | 0.04 | 0.43 | 0.35 | |||
Women | referent group | referent group | referent group | |||
Men/other | 1.60 (0.06, 3.14) | 0.68 (−1.03, 2.39) | −0.69 (−2.02, 0.72) | |||
Profession | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.32 | |||
APP | referent group | referent group | referent group | |||
Physician | 0.57 (−1.10, 2.25) | 1.65 (−0.21, 3.51) | −0.76 (−2.26, 0.74) | |||
Weeks worked during pandemic | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.59 | |||
≥4 | referent group | referent group | referent group | |||
<4 | 0.93 (−0.58, 2.44) | 0.95 (−0.74, 2.63) | −0.37 (−1.72, 0.98) | |||
Concerned about contracting COVID-19 at work | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.56 | |||
Strongly agree or agree | referent group | referent group | referent group | |||
Otherb | 3.02 (1.39, 4.65) | 0.38 (−1.43, 2.20) | −0.43 (−1.89, 1.03) | |||
Living situation prior to pandemic | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.01 | |||
Lived alone | referent group | referent group | referent group | |||
Lived with 1–4 members | −1.39 (−3.77, 0.99) | 1.85 (−0.80, 4.49) | −3.00 (−5.13, −0.88) | |||
Lived with 5–10 members | −2.48 (−5.78, 0.83) | 3.92 (0.25, 7.60) | −4.45 (−7.40, −1.50) | |||
Survey site | 0.33 | 0.96 | 0.61 | |||
A | referent group | referent group | referent group | |||
B | 1.22 (−0.91, 3.26) | −0.08 (2.34, 2.19) | 0.54 (−1.28, 2.36) | |||
C | 1.21 (−1.19, 3.62) | −0.57 (−3.25, 2.10) | 0.75 (−1.39, 2.90) | |||
D | −0.55 (−2.46, 1.37) | 0.18 (−1.95, 2.31) | 1.14 (−0.57, 2.85) |
APP: advanced practice provider; CI: confidence interval
Separate linear regression models were used for anxiety, social isolation, and emotional support. Each model included the following covariates: age, gender, profession, weeks worked during pandemic, concern about contracting COVID-19 at work, living situation prior to pandemic, and survey site. Outcomes were the change in score, defined as ‘prior to pandemic’ score minus ‘during pandemic’ score. The referent group’s estimate = 0. Positive values for change in anxiety and social isolation indicate improvement, and negative values for change in emotional support indicate improvement.
Other refers to neutral, disagree or strongly disagree.
Time periods: prior to pandemic (before March 15, 2020); during pandemic (March 15–April 30, 2020).