Table 3.

Studies examining incidence and prevalence of healthcare-associated UTI in diabetic individuals.

Country [year]	Comorbidity or reason for hospitalization/homecare	Sample size	% Fa	%DMb	Agec	Measures of associationd	Ref
Taiwan [2021]	Diabetic chronic kidney disease	79,887	30.3	100	59.6 ± 14.0	IR = 39.8/103 PY	[63]
US [2021]	Total knee arthroplasty	189,327	NR	NR	NR	OR = 1.34; P < 0.0001	[109]
Thailand [2020]	Ischemic stroke	370,527	46.6	20.4	>65	OR = 1.34; P < 0.001	[110]
	Hemorrhagic stroke	173,236	40.3	9.8	>61	OR = 1.25; P < 0.099
	Undetermined stroke	65,127	NR	18.1	NR	OR = 1.54; P = 0.013
US [2019]	Suprapubic catheterization post pelvic organ prolapse surgery	254	100	12	65.5g	OR = 2.80; P = 0.01	[111]
Taiwan [2019]	Bed-bound elderly on homecare	598	60.5	46.5	81.9 ± 11.3	OR = 1.46; P = 0.024	[112]
US [2018]	Traumatic thoracic vertebral fracture repair	1088	31.7	50	61	ORcalc = 1.7; P = 0.036	[113]
Canada [2018]	Subarachnoid hemorrhage	419	63.7	9.3	58 [48–67]	HR = 1.92	[114]
India [2018]	Renal transplant	210	NR	NR	NR	60.71% UTI+ had new- onset post-transplant DM	[115]
Japan [2018]	Cerebral infarction with indwelling urinary catheter	27,548	52	23	76 ± 12	OR = 1.43e; P < 0.001 OR = 0.91f; P = 0.24	[116]
Poland [2018]	Radical cystectomy	134	23	19.4	65.9	OR = 3.75; P = 0.026	[117]
Spain [2017]	Total hip/knee arthroplasty	74,835	62.7	50	71.5	ORalc = 1.31	[118]
US [2017]	Endoscopic sinus surgery	644	50	13.2	NR	ORalc = 6.78; P =0.03	[119]
Australia [2017]	Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)	3725	49.9	11.8	NR	ORalc = 2.2	[120]
China [2016]	Hospitalized diabetic elderly	817	49.2	100	≥60	3.2%	[121]
US [2016]	Radial cystectomy to treat bladder cancer	3187	18.2	19.6	70 [62–77]	9.7% developed UTI OR = 0.96; NS	[122]
US [2016]	Radial cystectomy to treat bladder cancer	1248	16.8	16.9	69 [61–76]	10% developed UTI OR = 2.27; P < 0.001	[123]
Taiwan [2015]	Stroke	221,254	39.5	4.5	64	OR = 1.66	[124]
Yemen [2015]	Renal transplant-one year follow up	150	38	46	35.1	RR = 2.43; P = 0.014	[125]
US [2016]	Head and neck cancer surgery	31,075	58	13	61.6g	OR = 1.048h; NS	[126]
US [2015]	Cardiac surgery, urinary catheter	4,883	33.4	31.3	NR	OR = 2.04; P = 0.013	[36]
US [2014]	Emergency abdominal surgeries	53,879	55.2	20.2	76.2g	OR = 1.32; P < 0.001	[127]
US [2014]	Total elbow arthroplasty	3,184	67.5	15.3	59.7	OR = 2.24; P < 0.001	[128]
US [2014]	Elective lumbar fusion	15480	55.9	15.7	NR	RR = 1.6 − IDDM; P = 0.011 RR = 1.0 − NIDDM; NS	[129]
Sweden [2014]	Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy	51,321	0	8.6	NR	OR = 1.32	[130]
Turkey [2013]	Hospitalized for various reasons	930	49.8	50	62.7-DM 54.6-no DM	ORcalc = 1.4g	[39]
Spain [2012]	Solid organ transplant	4,388	33.2	18.8	50 ± 14.5	OR = 1.01i; NS OR = 1.02j; P = 0.037	[131]
China [2011]	Acute ischemic stroke	12,907	38.2	27	67 [56–75]	ORcalc = 1.61; P < 0.0001	[132]
Sweden [2010]	Radial cystectomy, urinary catheter	452	23	88.9	30-80	RR = 2.1	[133]
US [2010]	Non-cardiac surgery	3112	53.8	20	56.5 ± 16	ORcalc = 3.28	[134]

%F^a refers to percentage of female subjects and %DM^b to percentage of diabetic subjects. Age^c refers to the average age in years ± standard deviation or [interquartile range] is shown. NR refers to not reported. Measures of association^d: Incidence rate (IR) (shown as IR per 1000 persons per year), hazard ratio (HR), incidence rate ratio (IRR), or odds ratio (OR) for UTI in diabetic individuals is shown. Where available, P values are shown; NS refers to not significant. ^e,fOdds ratio calculated by multivariate regression for diabetics treated with insulin^e or not^f. ^g Calculated average age based on the provided information. ^hOdds ratio adjusted for race and sex was NOT statistically significant (P = 0.697). ^i,jOdds ratio for UTI in DM versus no DM in the kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant patientsⁱ or in the liver, heart, and lung patients^j.