Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study | Country of research | Study period | Study design | Number of patients included | Vasectomy procedures, n (%) | Follow-up, mean or median | PCa cases, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smith (2017) [14] | Europe | 1992–2000 | Cohort study | 84 753 | 12 712 (15) | 15.4 yr | 4377 (5.2) |
| Davenport (2019) [7] | USA | 1995–2011 | Cohort study | 16 0571 | 48 657 (30.3) | 18 yr | 13 885 (8.6) |
| Eisenberg (2015) [16] | USA | 2001–2009 | Cohort study | 873 485 | 112 655 (12.9) | NA | 4905 (0.6) |
| Giovannucci (1993) [19], [20] | USA | 1976–1989 | Cohort study | 25 340 | 13 034 (51.4) | 11 yr | 96 (0.4) |
| Goldacre (2005) [21] | Europe | 1963–1999 | Cohort study | 184 253 | 24 773 (13.4) | 12.7 yr | 656 (0.4) |
| Hiatt (1994) [23] | USA | 1979–1985 | Cohort study | 43 432 | NA | 4.6 yr | 238 (0.6) |
| Husby (2020) [8] | Europe | 1977–2014 | Cohort study | 2 150 162 | 139 550 (6.5) | 24.8 yr | 26 238 (1.2) |
| Jacobs (2016) [25] | USA | 1982–2012 | Cohort study | 363 726 for PCa mortality | 42 015 (11.6) for PCa mortality | 21.4 yr for PCa mortality | 9133 (13.7) |
| 66 542 for other outcomes | 10 589 (15.9) for other outcomes | 12.9 yr for other outcomes | |||||
| Lynge (2002) [29] | Europe | 1977–1995 | Cohort study | 57 931 | 57 931 (100) | 12.7 yr | 46 (0.1) |
| Nayan (2016) [31] | Canada | 1994–2012 | Cohort study | 653 214 | 326 607 (50) | 10.9 yr | 3462 (0.5) |
| Rohrmann (2005) [34] | USA | 1989–2004 | Cohort study | 3373 | 918 (27.2) | 8.3 yr | 78 (2.3) |
| Seikkula (2020) [9] | Europe | 1987–2014 | Cohort study | 38 124 | 38 124 (100) | 11.1 yr | 413 (1.1) |
| Shoag (2017) [6] | USA | 1993–2009 | Cohort study | 36 236 | 9933 (27.4) | 13 yr | 3867 (10.7) |
| PLCO control group | |||||||
| Shoag (2017) [6] | USA | 1993–2009 | Cohort study | 37 359 | 10 032 (26.9) | 13 yr | 4344 (11.9) |
| PLCO screening group | |||||||
| Siddiqui (2014) [38] | USA | 1986–2010 | Cohort study | 49 405 | 12 321 (24.9) | 24 yr | 6023 (12.2) |
| Tangen (2016) [41] | USA | 1994–2003 | Cohort study | 8052 | 2644 (32.8) | 7 yr | 558 (6.9) |
| van Leeuwen (2011) [42] | Europe | 1993–2008 | Cohort study | 19 950 | 5141 (25.8) | 11.1 yr | 2420 (12.1) |
| Alqahtani (2015) [13] | USA | 2007–2011 | Cross-sectional study | 12 000 718 | 0.03% (exact number not reported) | NA | 642 383 |
| DeAntoni (1997) [17] | USA | 1993–1995 | Cross-sectional study | 95 961 | 26 632 (27.8) | NA | 766 |
| Cox (2002) [15] | New Zealand | 1996–1998 | Case-control study | 2147 | 549 (25.6) | NA | 923 |
| Emard (2001) [18] | Canada | 1984–1993 | Case-control study | 6349 | 110 (1.7) | NA | 2962 |
| Hayes (1993) [22] | USA | 1986–1989 | Case-control study | 2257 | 139 (6.2) | NA | 965 |
| Hennis (2013) [44] | Barbados | 2002–2011 | Case-control study | 1904 | 1.5% of cases, 0.7% of controls (exact number not reported) | NA | 963 |
| Holt (2008) [24] | USA | 2002–2005 | Case-control study | 1943 | 36% (exact number not recorded) | NA | 1001 |
| John (1995) [26] | USA/Canada | 1987–1991 | Case-control study | 3278 | 336 (10.3) | NA | 1642 |
| Lesko (1999) [27] | USA | 1992–1996 | Case-control study | 2616 | 414 (15.8) | NA | 1216 |
| Lightfoot (2004) [28] | Canada | 1995–1999 | Case-control study | 2354 | 449 (19.1) | NA | 1608 |
| Mettlin (1990) [4] | USA | 1982–1988 | Case-control study | 3202 | 154 (4.8) | NA | 614 |
| Nair-Shalliker (2017) [30] | Australia | 2006–2014 | Case-control study | 2056 | NA | NA | 1181 |
| Patel (2005) [32] | USA | 1996–1998 | Case-control study | 1304 | 164 (12.6) | NA | 700 |
| Platz (1997) [33] | India | 1993–1994 | Case-control study | 1153 | 100 (8.7) | NA | 175 |
| Romero (2012) [35] | Brazil | 2006–2011 | Case-control study | 2121 | 259 (12.2) | NA | 58 |
| Rosenberg (1994) [36] | USA | 1977–1992 | Case-control study | 7580 | 468 (6.2) | NA | 553 |
| Schwingl (2009) [37] | China/Nepal/Korea | 1994–1997 | Case-control study | 1173 | 120 (10.2) | NA | 294 |
| Stanford (1999) [39] | USA | 1993–1996 | Case-control study | 1456 | 562 (38.6) | NA | 753 |
| Sunny (2005) [40] | India | 1998–2000 | Case-control study | 1170 | 136 (11.6) | NA | 390 |
| Weinmann (2010) [43] | USA | 1974–2000 | Case-control study | 1697 | 101 (6) | NA | NA |
NA = not available; PCa = prostate cancer.