Table 2.
Association Between Use of Inhaled β2-Agonists-Based Drugs and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events
| OADs/Treatment | Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value (Type 3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case Patients, No. (%) | Controls, No. (%) | |||
| Asthma | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 86 (24.0) | 956 (26.9) | 1.00 | 0.08 |
| SABA | 262 (73.0) | 2407 (67.7) | 1.29 (0.96–1.73) | |
| ICS/LABA | 7 (2.0) | 93 (2.6) | 0.75 (0.33–1.73) | |
| COPD | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 33 (13.8) | 344 (14.6) | 1.00 | 0.175 |
| SABA | 153 (64.0) | 1430 (60.5) | 1.07 (0.67–1.70) | |
| ICS/LABA | 26 (10.9) | 220 (9.3) | 1.10 (0.60–2.02) | |
| LABA | 12 (5.0) | 96 (4.1) | 1.26 (0.60–2.68) | |
| 2. SAMA (reference) | 15 (6.3) | 274 (11.6) | 1.00 | 0.175 |
| SABA | 153 (64.0) | 1430 (60.5) | 2.02 (1.13–3.59)* | |
| ICS/LABA | 26 (10.9) | 220 (9.3) | 2.08 (1.04–4.16)* | |
| LABA | 12 (5.0) | 96 (4.1) | 2.38 (1.04–5.47)* | |
| 3. LAMA (reference) | 12 (7.7) | 211 (10.84) | 1.00 | 0.578 |
| SABA | 125 (63.8) | 1183 (60.8) | 1.47 (0.83–2.62) | |
| ICS/LABA | 23 (11.73) | 180 (9.3) | 1.76 (0.86–3.61) | |
| LABA | 7 (3.6) | 55 (2.8) | 1.76 (0.66–4.70) | |
| Asthma–COPD Overlap | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 13 (14.8) | 213 (25.0) | 1.00 | 0.085 |
| SABA | 57 (64.8) | 456 (53.5) | 2.57 (1.26–5.24)* | |
| ICS/LABA | 7 (8.0) | 72 (8.4) | 1.78 (0.62–5.11) | |
| 2. SAMA (reference) | 8 (9.1) | 69 (8.1) | 1.00 | 0.085 |
| SABA | 57 (64.8) | 456 (53.5) | 1.09 (0.48–2.50) | |
| ICS/LABA | 7 (8.0) | 72 (8.4) | 0.76 (0.24–2.36) | |
Note: *p < 0.05.
Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; SABA, short-acting beta2-agonist; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CI, confidence interval; ACO, asthma–COPD overlap.