Table 3.
Secondary Outcomes of Individual Components of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events
| OADs/Treatment | Heart Failure | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value (Type 3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case Patients, No. (%) | Controls, No. (%) | |||
| Asthma | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 18 (22.0) | 211 (26.4) | 1.00 | 0.53 |
| SABA | 61 (74.4) | 539 (67.5) | 1.66 (0.88–3.12) | |
| COPD | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 14 (18.7) | 150 (20.2) | 1.00 | 0.150 |
| SABA | 45 (60.0) | 413 (55.7) | 1.28 (0.64–2.56) | |
| ICS/LABA | 10 (13.3) | 64 (8.6) | 1.90 (0.73–4.94) | |
| OADs/Treatment | Arrhythmia | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value (Type 3) | |
| Case Patients, No. (%) | Controls, No. (%) | |||
| Asthma | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 48 (22.1) | 506 (23.5) | 1.00 | 0.91 |
| SABA | 164 (75.6) | 1544 (71.8) | 1.10 (0.74–1.64) | |
| COPD | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 18 (13.7) | 185 (14.2) | 1.00 | 0.432 |
| SABA | 87 (66.4) | 802 (66.4) | 1.07 (0.59–1.94) | |
| LABA | 7 (5.3) | 53 (4.1) | 1.45 (0.56–3.74) | |
| 2. SAMA (reference) | 9 (6.9) | 137 (10.5) | 1.00 | 0.432 |
| SABA | 87 (66.4) | 802 (66.4) | 1.76 (0.84–3.66) | |
| ICS/LABA | 10 (7.6) | 123 (9.5) | 1.22 (0.46–3.21) | |
| LABA | 7 (5.3) | 802 (66.4) | 2.37 (0.82–6.90) | |
| OADs/Treatment | Myocardial Infarction | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value (Type 3) | |
| Case Patients, No. (%) | Controls, No. (%) | |||
| Asthma | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 15 (27.3) | 155 (28.3) | 1.00 | 0.68 |
| SABA | 36 (65.5) | 350 (64.0) | 1.07 (0.55–2.09) | |
| OADs/Treatment | Stroke | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value (Type 3) | |
| Case Patients, No. (%) | Controls, No. (%) | |||
| Asthma | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 14 (24.6) | 177 (31.7) | 1.00 | 0.90 |
| SABA | 41 (71.9) | 361 (64.6) | 1.43 (0.69–2.96) | |
| OADs/Treatment | Cardiovascular Death | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value (Type 3) | |
| Case Patients, No. (%) | Controls, No. (%) | |||
| Asthma | ||||
| 1. ICS (reference) | 12 (33.3) | 113 (38.2) | 1.00 | 0.99 |
| SABA | 21 (58.3) | 16 (54.1) | 1.11 (0.49–2.53) | |
Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; SABA, short-acting beta2-agonist; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CI, confidence interval; ACO, asthma–COPD overlap; N/A, not applicable.