Table 3.
Clinical data on lesion evaluation and distribution and exposure to cocaine in the included studies
| References | Lesion distribution evaluation method | Described lesions | Cocaine use duration (y) | Cocaine use frequency | Cocaine use status (active or ceased) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandrakis et al. [17] | CE (n = 7); CT or MRI (n = 4) | SP and NLDO (n = 7); medial orbital wall destruction (n = 4); extensive ethmoid destruction (n = 2); medial rectus muscle-enveloping mass (n = 2); inferior turbinate destruction (n = 5); middle turbinate destruction (n = 2) | Median 12, IQR 5.5, range 5–20 | n/a | n/a |
| Armengot et al. [18] | NE and CT (n = 2) | SP (n = 2), PP and bilateral maxillary sinus destruction (n = 1) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Businco et al. [1] | NE and CT (n = 11) | SP (n = 11) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Colletti et al. [19] | CE (n = 4), CT (n = 1) | SP and PP (n = 4), IT destruction (n = 2), maxillary palatine process, maxillary sinus walls and ethmoid sinus destruction (n = 1) | 5; 9; 10; 10 | n/a | Active (n = 1); ceased (n = 3) |
| Colletti et al. [4] | CT (n = 4) | SP and PP (n = 4), lateral nasal wall destruction (n = 2) | 5; 9; 10; 10 | n/a | Active (n = 1); ceased (n = 3) |
| Green et al. [20] | CE (n = 8), CT (n = 3) | SP (n = 8) | n/a | n/a | Active (n = 3); ceased (n = 5) |
| Lanzillotta et al. [21] | NE (n = 3), CT (n = 3), MRI (n = n/a) | SP and IT destruction (n = 3), PP (n = 2) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Kuriloff and Kimmelman [3] | CE (n = 5), CT (n = 3) | SP (n = 4) IT destruction (n = 2), PP (n = 1), ethmoid destruction (n = 1) | 2 (n = 1), undefined (n = 4) | n.a | Active (n = 1), not reported (n = 4) |
| Marí et al. [2] | CE and CT (n = 3) | SP and PP (n = 3); IT destruction (n = 1) | 4; n/a; n/a | Twice a week; n/a; n/a | Active (n = 1); ceased (n = 2) |
| Medina et al. [22] | CT (n = 11) | SP (n = 11), PP (n = 1), maxillary sinus wall destruction (n = 1) | n/a | n/a | Active (n = 11) |
| Plaza et al. [23] | n/a | SP (n = 3) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Sercarz et al. [24] | CT (n = 1) | SP (n = 5), ethmoid sinus destruction (n = 3), maxillary sinus and skull base destruction (n = 1) | 4 (n = 1), undefined (n = 4) | Once or more a week | Ceased (n = 1), not reported (n = 4) |
| Subesinghe et al. [25] | n/a | SP (n = 6), PP (n = 1) | Median 10, IQR 4, range 6–12 | n/a | n/a |
| Trimarchi et al. [10] | CE and NE (n = 18), MRI (n = 11), CT (n = 5) | SP and IT destruction (n = 18), lateral nasal wall destruction (n = 3), PP (n = 5), orbital pseudotumor (n = 2), middle turbinate destruction (n = 10), superior turbinate erosion (n = 2), lamina papyracea erosion (n = 1), nasal floor erosion (n = 1) | 6 (n = 1), 8 (n = 1), range 2–30 (n = 8), irregular use (n = 1); unreliable patient reporting (n = 7) | n/a | n/a |
| Trimarchi et al. [26] | CE and NE (n = 25), undefined radiological evaluation (n = N/A) | SP (n = 25), IT destruction (n = 16), PP (n = 6) | Range 2–30 | n/a | n/a |
| Trimarchi et al. [12] | CE and NE (n = 10), CT (n = 7), MRI (n = 3) | SP, PP and IT destruction, middle turbinate destruction (n = 7), superior turbinate destruction (n = 1); medial maxillary sinus wall destruction (n = 1) | Range 2–30 | n/a | n.a |
| Walton et al. [27] | n/a | SP (n = 2) | 3 y; n/a | n/a | Ceased (n = 1), not reported (n = 1) |
Cocaine use duration is reported as median ± interquartile range (minimum–maximum) unless otherwise stated; for studies with 4 or fewer subjects individual durations are reported
CE clinical evaluation, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, NE nasal endoscopy, n/a not available, SP septal perforation, NLDO nasolacrimal duct obstruction, PP palatal perforation, IT inferior turbinate, IQR interquartile range