. 2022 May 24;12:8731. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12686-4

Table 1.

Energy (MJ ha⁻¹) utilization pattern under different management practices in rice and wheat (mean of 3-years).

Scenarios	Field operations			Agronomic inputs				Labor		Harvesting & threshing	Transportation
Scenarios	Tillage	Puddling	Sowing/transplanting	Seed	Fertilizers	Pesticides	Irrigation	Weeding	Input application	Harvesting & threshing	Transportation
Rice
Sc1	1977	1381	978	184	14,748^A	1993	20,471^A	47.04	2394^A	1126	385
Sc2	1977	1381	978	184	14,748^A	1993	20,471^A	47.04	2394^A	1126	385
Sc3	1310	0	422	294	13,474^B	351	17,727^B	62.72	2011^B	1126	385
Sc4	1310	0	422	294	13,474^B	341	16,692^C	62.72	1896^C	1126	385
Sc5	0	0	422	294	13,637^B	541	15518^D	62.72	1765^D	1126	385
Sc6	0	0	422	294	12,491^C	541	15,518^D	62.72	1765^D	1126	385
Wheat
Sc1	2228	-NA-	850	1470	14,328^A	364	3928^A	16	471^A	845	369
Sc2	2228	-NA-	850	1470	14,328^A	364	3928^A	16	471^A	845	369
Sc3	1382	-NA-	594	1470	12,752^B	352	3831^A	16	453^A	845	369
Sc4	0	-NA-	892	1470	12,752^B	462	3236^B	0	393^B	845	369
Sc5	0	-NA-	892	1470	11,597^C	462	3236^B	0	393^B	845	369
Sc6	0	-NA-	892	1470	10,809^D	462	3236^B	0	393^B	845	369

Values with different Upper case (A–D) letters are significantly different between each scenarios at p < 0.05 (Duncan multiple range tests for separation of mean).

Sc1, business as usual or conventional tillage (CT) without residue; Sc2, CT with residue; Sc3, reduce tillage (RT) with residue + recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF); Sc4, RT/Zero tillage (ZT) with residue + RDF; Sc5, ZT with residue + RDF + GreenSeeker + Tensiometer; Sc6, Sc5 + Nutrient expert.