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. 2022 May 24;12:8759. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12762-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Comparison of serum GDF15 levels in patients with liver diseases. Serum GDF15 levels were significantly higher in patients with AIH than in those with HB or PBC and healthy controls (p < 0.0001). In addition, serum GDF15 levels were significantly higher in HC patients than in PBC patients and healthy controls (p < 0.005). (Wilcoxon test; p < 0.0001) (B) Comparison of serum GDF15 levels in patients with non-LC and LC. Serum GDF15 levels were significantly higher in patients with LC than in those with non-LC (Wilcoxon test; p < 0.0001). (C) Comparison of serum GDF15 levels among various liver diseases in patients with non-LC. Serum GDF15 levels were significantly higher in patients with AIH than in those with other liver diseases and healthy controls (p < 0.0001 or p < 0.005). (Wilcoxon test; p < 0.0001). GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; HB, hepatitis B; HC, hepatitis C; PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; LC, liver cirrhosis.