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. 2022 May 24;12:8759. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12762-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evaluation of GDF15 immunostaining in liver tissues of AIH patients before (A,C) and after (B,D) treatment (A,C) GDF15 immunostaining revealed hepatic cytoplasm, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells infiltrating the portal vein area were strongly stained. The immunohistochemistry total score is equivalent to 7. (B,D) GDF15 staining of liver tissues showed fewer positive cells and weaker staining in inflammatory cells infiltrating the portal vein area after treatment than before treatment. The immunohistochemistry total score is equivalent to 2. (E) Double immunofluorescence staining for GDF15 and CD3, CD19, or Iba-1 in the portal area of liver tissues in AIH patient Upper row, immunofluorescence images of GDF15 (green) and CD3 (red). Middle row, immunofluorescence images of GDF15 (green) and CD19 (red). Lower row, immunofluorescence images of GDF15 (green) and Iba-1 (red). The merged images show that GDF15-positive cells are also CD19-positive cells. GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; AIH, autoimmune hepatitis.