Table 1.

Thermophysical properties of nanoparticles and base fluid.

Thermo-physical properties	Base fluid	Nanoparticles
	${\text{H}}_2\text{O}$	Cu	${\text{Al}}_2{\text{O}}_3$	${\text{TiO}}_2$	Ag
$\rho (\text{kg}{\text{m}}^{-3})$	997.1	8933	3970	4250	10,500
$c_p(\text{J}{\text{kg}}^{-1}{\text{K}}^{-1})$	4179	385	765	686.2	235
$k({\text{Wm}}^{-1}{\text{K}}^{-1})$	0.613	400	40	8.954	429
$\beta \times {10}^{-5}({\text{K}}^{-1})$	21	1.67	0.85	0.9	1.89
$\sigma ({\text{Sm}}^{-1})$	0.05	5.96 × 107	3.5 × 107	0.26 × 107	6.30 × 107