. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Aging Health. 2021 Nov 25;34(4-5):750–760. doi: 10.1177/08982643211055032

Table 4.

Linear regression model examining the association between optimism and Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale (PFS) Mental scores: MrOS (N=1,670)

	Model 1 β coefficient (SE)	Model 2 β coefficient (SE)	Model 3 β coefficient (SE)	Model 4 β coefficient (SE)
Personality Measure
Optimism	−1.46 (0.20)^*	−1.53 (0.20)^*	−0.71 (0.20)^*	−0.72 (0.20)^*

Demographics
Age	0.26 (0.05)^*	0.27 (0.05)^*	0.16 (0.05)^*	0.17 (0.05)^*
Race (ref=White)		−0.18 (1.23)
Black		−1.30 (1.13)
Asian		1.55 (1.34)
Hispanic		1.48 (1.70)
Other
Education (ref= ≤high school)
Some/all college		0.87 (0.57)
Some/all graduate school		0.85 (0.57)

Psychological and Behavioral Factors
Cognitive Function^a			−0.07 (0.03)^*	−0.07 (0.02)^*
Good/Excellent Health Status			−2.16 (0.66)^*	−1.97 (0.67)^*
Depressive Symptoms^b			4.83 (0.86)^*	4.90 (0.86)^*
Sleep Disturbance^c			2.04 (0.39)^*	2.01 (0.39)^*
Physical Activity^d			−0.02 (0.00)^*	−0.02 (0.00)^*

Health-related Conditions
Hypertension				0.10 (0.34)
Heart Failure				0.58 (0.70)
Stroke				0.62 (0.88)
Heart Attack				−0.50 (0.57)
Diabetes				0.83 (0.54)
Body Mass Index, kg/m²				0.03 (0.05)

Note. SE=Standard Error

Cognitive function was measured with Teng Mini Mental Scale (0-100); higher score = better cognitive functioning

Significant depressive symptoms are indicated with a score ≥ 6 on the Geriatric Depression Scale

Sleep disturbance is indicated with a score >5 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

Physical activity was measured with Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score; higher score = more physically active

p≤.05