Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics, treatment conditions, and treatment outcomes (N = 191)
| n (%) or M (s.d.) | |
|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Sex | |
| Male | 55 (28.80) |
| Female | 136 (71.20) |
| Race | |
| Black or Asian | 30 (15.71) |
| White | 161 (84.29) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 176 (92.15) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 9 (4.71) |
| Not reported | 6 (3.14) |
| Education | |
| Less than Bachelor's degree | 90 (47.12) |
| Bachelor's degree or more | 98 (51.30) |
| Not reported | 3 (1.57) |
| Age (years) | 48.4 (9.5) |
| Body mass index | 38.98 (5.98) |
| Psychiatric comorbidity (Lifetime diagnoses on SCID-I/P) | |
| Depressive disorders | 99 (51.83) |
| Anxiety disorders | 65 (34.03) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 15 (7.85) |
| Drug use disorder | 31 (16.23) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 43 (22.51) |
| Eating-related psychopathology | |
| Binge-eating frequency past month (EDE) | 19.76 (14.63) |
| Overvaluation (EDE) | 4.57 (1.04) |
| Dissatisfaction (EDE) | 3.84 (1.74) |
| Restraint (EDE) | 2.58 (1.91) |
| Restraint (TFEQ) | 21.31 (13.54) |
| Behavioral indicator: Eat rapidly (QEWP) | 140 (73.30) |
| Behavioral indicator: Eat until uncomfortably full (QEWP) | 174 (91.58) |
| Behavioral indicator: Eat alone because embarrassed (QEWP) | 126 (65.97) |
| Distress about binge eating (QEWP) | 4.02 (0.98) |
| Weight cycling (QEWP) | 2.94 (1.02) |
| Diet history (QEWP) | 3.37 (1.41) |
| Emotional overeating (EOQ) | 1.81 (1.23) |
| Food thought suppression (FTSI) | 33.32 (12.15) |
| Other psychological symptoms and features | |
| Food addiction ‘category’ (YFAS) | 117 (61.26) |
| Number of food addiction criteria met (YFAS) | 4.77 (1.80) |
| Emotion regulation: Nonacceptance (DERS) | 11.21 (4.85) |
| Emotion regulation: Difficulties with goals (DERS) | 12.75 (5.26) |
| Emotion regulation: Impulse control difficulties (DERS) | 12.37 (5.35) |
| Emotion regulation: Lack of awareness (DERS) | 16.73 (5.54) |
| Emotion regulation: Limited access to strategies (DERS) | 15.55 (6.65) |
| Emotion regulation: Lack of clarity (DERS) | 10.32 (3.70) |
| Self-control (BSCS) | 3.01 (0.63) |
| Weight bias internalization (WBIS) | 4.59 (1.25) |
| Depression score (BDI) | 15.11 (8.74) |
| Self-esteem (RSES) | 20.03 (6.53) |
| Interpersonal problems (IIP) | 1.05 (0.65) |
| Cognitive rumination: Brooding (RRS) | 2.17 (0.77) |
| Cognitive rumination: Reflecting (RRS) | 1.88 (0.66) |
| Mental health composite (SF36) | 42.70 (11.12) |
| Physical health composite (SF36) | 44.03 (10.29) |
| Treatment condition | |
| Standard care | 39 (20.42) |
| Stepped care | 152 (79.58) |
| Rapid response (⩾65% reduction binge-eating by week 4) | 120 (62.83) |
| Treatment outcomes | |
| Binge-eating abstinence | 106 (55.50) |
| Binge-eating reduction (%) | 84.47 (37.63) |
| Eating-disorder psychopathology (EDE Global) | 1.77 (0.84) |
| Weight loss ⩾5% | 82 (42.93) |
| Weight loss (%) | 4.21 (7.21) |
SCID-I/P, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Diagnosis; EDE, Eating Disorder Examination; TFEQ, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire; QEWP, Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Pattern; EOQ, Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, FTSI, Food Thought Suppression Inventory, YFAS, Yale Food Addiction Scale, DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, BSCS, Self-Control Scale, WBIS, Weight Bias Internalization Scale, BDI, Beck Depression Inventory, RSES, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, IIP, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, RRS, Rumination Scale.
Note: Binge-eating percent reduction was log-transformed for analyses, though raw values are presented here for ease of interpretation.