Table 2.

Individual, Prescriber, and County Characteristics Associated with Rapid Discontinuation of Chronic High-Dose Opioid Treatment Episodes

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	N	Unadjusted rate of rapid discontinuation	Adjusted odds ratio of likelihood of rapid discontinuation (95% CI)
Total	583,415	72.0	–
Gender
Female	286,667	69.9	Ref
Male	296,748	74.2	1.21 (1.20, 1.22)
Age cohort
18–25	5,034	68.7	0.86 (0.81, 0.90)
26–35	39,336	72.8	1.00 (0.98, 1.03)
36–45	79,276	71.9	0.99 (0.98, 1.01)
46–55	132,466	71.8	Ref
56–65	173,034	72.2	1.01 (0.999, 1.03)
>65	154,269	71.9	0.96 (0.95, 0.98)
Provider specialty
PCP adult	208,008	74.5	Ref
Pain	152,922	73.4	0.93 (0.92, 0.94)
Advanced practice providers	116,878	69.3	0.78 (0.77, 0.79)
Surgeon	38,579	58.3	0.48 (0.47, 0.49)
Oncology	41,273	81.5	1.54 (1.50, 1.57)
Other	25,755	69.8	0.76 (0.74, 0.78)
Payer
Commercial	157,569	69.6	Ref
Medicare	217,182	72.5	1.14 (1.12, 1.15)
Medicaid	85,035	70.9	1.03 (1.02, 1.05)
Cash	34,773	84.1	2.19 (2.13, 2.25)
Other	88,856	72.4	1.14 (1.13, 1.16)
County rural-urban status (RUCC)
Metropolitan	518,680	72.1	Ref
Rural adjacent	42,307	71.6	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)
Rural remote	22,428	70.2	0.98 (0.96, 1.01)
Fatal overdose per capita
Low	175,539	70.8	Ref
Mid	199,500	72.6	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)
High	208,376	72.5	1.03 (1.01, 1.04)
Primary care health professional shortage area
No	37,557	72.2	Ref
Yes	545,858	72.0	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)
% of non-White county residents (quartiles)
1 (lowest % of non-White county residents)	138,221	70.7	Ref
2	145,966	71.5	1.05 (1.03, 1.06)
3	146,524	72.0	1.09 (1.07, 1.11)
4 (greatest % of non-White county residents)	152,704	73.8	1.21 (1.19, 1.24)

Models in column 3 estimate the likelihood of rapid discontinuation conditional on an opioid treatment episode being discontinued, adjusting for age, fatal overdose per capita, gender, payer, proportion of non-White county residents, provider specialty, RUCC category, HPSA, and state, clustering by subject