Table 2.

Consideration of MD-PhD and Enrollment in MD-PhD Programs for Medical School Matriculants from 2007–2008 to 2011–2012

	Consideration of MD-PhD program, N=61,247	MD-PhD program matriculation, N=2151
First-generation college graduates
Continuing-generation college graduate	(Ref)	(Ref)
First-generation college graduate	1.00 (0.89–1.11)	0.70 (0.50–0.99)
Sex
Male	(Ref)	(Ref)
Female	0.74 (0.70–0.80)	1.06 (0.89–1.27)
Age at matriculation
<23 years old	(Ref)	(Ref)
≥23 years old	0.87 (0.82–0.93)	0.95 (0.80–1.13)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	(Ref)	(Ref)
Non-Hispanic Asian	1.06 (0.97–1.15)	0.86 (0.69–1.08)
Hispanic/Latinx	1.31 (1.17–1.48)	1.03 (0.75–1.41)
Non-Hispanic Black/African-American	1.22 (1.03–1.44)	1.93 (1.23–3.02)
Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native/Hawaiian Native/Other Pacific Islander	1.05 (0.60–1.85)	1.05 (0.22–4.97)
Non-Hispanic multiracial	1.25 (1.04–1.51)	0.82 (0.48–1.39)
Non-Hispanic unknown/other	1.22 (1.01–1.47)	1.11 (0.67–1.82)
MCAT quartiles
1st (lowest)	(Ref)	(Ref)
2nd	1.13 (1.02–1.26)	1.68 (1.13–2.50)
3rd	1.47 (1.32–1.64)	3.15 (2.15–4.61)
4th (highest)	1.67 (1.50–1.86)	6.28 (4.34–9.1)
Undergraduate Carnegie classification
Research universities - very high research activity	(Ref)	(Ref)
Research universities - high research activity and doctoral research universities	1.06 (0.96–1.18)	0.75 (0.56–1.01)
Master’s colleges and universities	1.27 (1.13–1.42)	0.62 (0.43–0.88)
Baccalaureate colleges - arts and sciences	1.15 (1.03–1.28)	1.24 (0.96–1.61)
Other Carnegie classfications	1.71 (1.35–2.18)	0.68 (0.32–1.45)
Not specified	0.86 (0.73–1.02)	0.74 (0.47–1.17)
Premedical loan
No	(Ref)	(Ref)
Yes	0.78 (0.72–0.84)	1.01 (0.83–1.22)
Prior research experience
No		(Ref)
Yes	1.55 (1.45–1.67)	1.94 (1.58–2.39)

MCAT Medical College Admission Test