Table 1.
Means and standard deviations for outcome variables of the modified intent-to-treat sample
| Variable | Food-specific neurofeedback (n = 19) | General neurofeedback (n = 19) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Δ Pretreatment | Δ Posttreatment | Δ 3 months | Baseline | Δ Pretreatment | Δ Posttreatment | Δ 3 months | |
| Clinical measures | ||||||||
| Objective binge-eating episodes | 4.32 (3.64) | −0.26 (2.56) | −2.96 (3.90) | −2.33 (4.66) | 4.32 (2.77) | −0.32 (3.73) | −2.05 (3.06) | −2.61 (4.58) |
| Eating disorder psychopathology | 3.06 (1.03) | −0.13 (0.59) | −0.35 (0.78) | −0.45 (0.97) | 2.83 (1.08) | − 0.08 (0.58) | −0.14 (0.75) | −0.55 (0.83) |
| Food craving | 58.89 (11.15) | −1.58 (10.88) | −11.11 (14.22) | −10.90 (20.44) | 62.21 (12.01) | −4.00 (8.29) | −12.93 (10.41) | −19.05 (13.87) |
| Self-efficacya | 28.32 (4.73) | −0.05 (3.85) | −0.12 (3.18) | 0.52 (3.03) | 24.74 (4.94) | 0.21 (3.08) | 1.24 (2.43) | 2.02 (3.18) |
| Perceived stress | 42.19 (18.22) | 3.86 (16.85) | 4.73 (14.85) | 2.11 (15.09) | 52.19 (19.37) | −1.23 (13.65) | −1.81 (18.51) | −2.42 (21.83) |
| Depressive symptoms | 7.42 (3.27) | 0.68 (2.50) | 0.04 (3.42) | 0.16 (3.33) | 9.11 (4.15) | 0.58 (4.91) | −0.65 (4.93) | 0.14 (6.05) |
| Impact of weight on quality of life | 108.26 (14.76) | 3.79 (8.89) | 6.25 (11.27) | 5.52 (12.89) | 108.35 (12.77) | 0.06 (7.53) | 2.40 (13.72) | 7.20 (13.56) |
| Subjective impulsivity | 30.02 (6.73) | 0.40 (3.22) | 1.24 (4.44) | 1.41 (4.90) | 35.45 (5.70) | 1.44 (4.56) | 1.56 (5.93) | 1.18 (5.11) |
| Body mass index | 36.65 (5.71) | 0.01 (0.65) | −0.04 (2.72) | −1.08 (3.18) | 35.60 (4.40) | −0.99 (2.97) | −0.02 (1.41) | −0.56 (1.80) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.90 (0.09) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.05) |
| Executive functions | ||||||||
| Decision makinga | −4.21 (36.05) | −4.95 (27.84) | 3.35 (37.48) | 18.92 (34.31) | 4.95 (35.58) | 17.26 (41.14) | 25.44 (31.56) | 27.38 (42.30) |
| Cognitive flexibilitya | 0.02 (4.09) | −1.92 (4.75) | 0.95 (4.33) | 2.39 (5.17) | 2.17 (8.74) | −2.82 (8.70) | −1.18 (8.39) | −1.81 (8.89) |
| Impulsivitya | 0.45 (0.28) | 0.05 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.16) | 0.14 (0.21) | 0.57 (0.26) | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.20) | 0.10 (0.18) |
| Planninga | 15.63 (3.69) | 1.37 (3.40) | 1.01 (2.85) | 1.03 (3.66) | 17.63 (2.99) | −0.21 (3.33) | 0.82 (3.25) | −0.16 (3.11) |
| Inhibitory control | 10.05 (7.79) | −1.69 (6.40) | −2.57 (7.15) | −1.28 (8.44) | 10.32 (5.00) | −2.65 (3.49) | −2.69 (4.91) | −2.45 (4.15) |
| Alertness | 1.82 (1.07) | 0.03 (1.32) | −0.37 (1.09) | −0.19 (1.24) | 2.17 (1.31) | −0.50 (1.64) | −0.06 (2.07) | −0.39 (1.62) |
N = 38. Δ, Difference score of pre-, posttreatment, 3-month follow-up minus baseline. Objective binge-eating episodes: Eating Disorder Examination; eating disorder psychopathology: Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (0–6* less favorable scores are asterisked); food craving: Food Cravings Questionnaire-trait-reduced (15–90*); self-efficacy: General Self-Efficacy Scale (10*–49); perceived stress: Perceived Stress Questionnaire (0–100*); depressive symptoms: Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression (0–27*); impact of weight on quality of life: Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite (31–155*); subjective impulsivity: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (15–60*); decision making: Iowa Gambling Task; cognitive flexibility: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; impulsivity: Delay Discounting Task, planning: Tower of London; inhibitory control: visual Go/NoGo paradigm
aPositive difference values represent effects in expected direction