Table 2.
Distribution of Measurements and Biomarkers of Metabolic Disorders According to the Number of Visits to Healthcare Providers During the Past Year of the Study Enrollment, NHANES 1999–2015
| Number of visits to the healthcare provider during the past year | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 1–3 times | 4–9 times | ≥ 10 times | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Number of participants | 5881 | 16,236 | 9139 | 5389 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 28.1 (28.0 to 28.3) | 28.4 (28.3 to 28.5) | 29.5 (29.3 to 29.6) | 29.6 (29.4 to 29.7) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 28.1 (27.9 to 28.3) | 28.2 (28.1 to 28.4) | 28.9 (28.8 to 29.1) | 28.8 (28.6 to 29.0) | |
|
Systolic BP (mmHg) |
Number of participants | 5374 | 14,774 | 8385 | 4919 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 127.5 (127.0 to 128.0) | 125.1 (124.8 to 125.4) | 124.5 (124.2 to 124.9) | 124.0 (123.5 to 124.5) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 127.5 (127.0 to 128.1) | 125.8 (125.5 to 126.2) | 125.0 (124.6 to 125.4) | 124.2 (123.7 to 124.7) | |
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
Number of participants | 5374 | 14,774 | 8385 | 4919 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 71.4 (71.1 to 71.8) | 70.9 (70.7 to 71.1) | 69.7 (69.4 to 70.0) | 69.2 (68.8 to 69.6) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 72.2 (71.8 to 72.7) | 71.4 (71.1 to 71.7) | 70.1 (69.7 to 70.4) | 69.6 (69.2 to 70.0) | |
|
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |
Number of participants | 5612 | 15,567 | 8823 | 5136 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 96.2 (95.7 to 96.6)) | 94.9 (94.6 to 95.1) | 94.3 (94.0 to 94.7) | 92.4 (92.0 to 92.9) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 95.6 (95.1 to 96.1) | 95.6 (95.2 to 95.9) | 95.5 (95.1 to 95.9) | 93.9 (93.4 to 94.4) | |
| HbA1c (%) | Number of participants | 5670 | 15,763 | 8964 | 5233 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 5.62 (5.60 to 5.65) | 5.62 (5.61 to 5.64) | 5.73 (5.71 to 5.75) | 5.79 (5.76 to 5.82) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 5.72 (5.69 to 5.74) | 5.77 (5.75 to 5.79) | 5.85 (5.82 to 5.87) | 5.86 (5.83 to 5.89) | |
|
T-Chol (mg/dL) |
Number of participants | 5622 | 15,607 | 8846 | 5155 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 203.5 (202.4 to 204.7) | 197.5 (196.9 to 198.2) | 194.1 (193.2 to 195.0) | 195.6 (194.4 to 196.8) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 203.0 (201.7 to 204.2) | 197.5 (196.6 to 198.3) | 194.4 (193.4 to 195.5) | 196.1 (194.8 to 197.4) | |
|
HDL-Chol (mg/dL) |
Number of participants | 5622 | 15,605 | 8847 | 5155 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 52.8 (52.4 to 53.2) | 53.2 (53.0 to 53.5) | 52.1 (51.8 to 52.4) | 52.1 (51.7 to 52.5) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 53.3 (52.9 to 53.8) | 52.8 (52.5 to 53.1) | 52.3 (51.9 to 52.7) | 52.9 (52.5 to 53.4) | |
|
LDL-Chol (mg/dL) |
Number of participants | 2647 | 7348 | 4063 | 2377 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 122.3 (120.9 to 123.7) | 117.3 (116.5 to 118.1) | 112.7 (111.6 to 113.8) | 112.1 (110.7 to 113.6) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 121.2 (119.7 to 122.8) | 116.6 (115.5 to 117.6) | 112.5 (111.2 to 113.8) | 112.3 (110.7 to 113.9) | |
|
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
Number of participants | 2761 | 7602 | 4236 | 2510 |
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean (95% CI) | 136.9 (132.2 to 141.6) | 134.7 (131.9 to 137.4) | 142.3 (138.5 to 146.0) | 152.2 (147.3 to 157.0) | |
| Model 1 adjusted mean (95% CI)* | 136.7 (131.5 to 141.9) | 139.4 (135.8 to 142.9) | 143.8 (139.4 to 148.1) | 148.1 (142.9 to 153.3) | |
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, BP blood pressure, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, T-Chol total cholesterol, LDL-Chollow-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-Cholhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
*Model 1 adjusted mean was calculated adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, self-reported health condition, smoking status, marital status, educational status, family poverty-income ratio, insurance status, and survey cycle year