Table 3.

Association of the number of visits to healthcare providers during the past year of the study enrollment with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, NHANES 1999–2015.

	Number of visits to the healthcare provider during the past year
	None (n = 6244)	1–3 times (n = 17,168)	4–9 times (n = 9751)	≥ 10 times (n = 5904)
All-cause mortality
Number of events	427	1654	1761	1429
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age- and sex-adjusted	1.25 (1.12 to 1.39)	Reference	1.34 (1.26 to 1.44)	2.01 (1.87 to 2.16)
Model 1*	1.16 (1.04 to 1.29)	Reference	1.21 (1.13 to 1.30)	1.57 (1.46 to 1.70)
Model 2†	1.16 (1.04 to 1.30)	Reference	1.15 (1.07 to 1.23)	1.44 (1.33 to 1.55)
Cardiovascular mortality
Number of events	101	330	409	312
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age- and sex-adjusted	1.65 (1.32 to 2.07)	Reference	1.49 (1.29 to 1.73)	2.08 (1.78 to 2.43)
Model 1*	1.53 (1.21 to 1.93)	Reference	1.30 (1.12 to 1.51)	1.51 (1.29 to 1.78)
Model 2†	1.62 (1.28 to 2.05)	Reference	1.18 (1.01 to 1.37)	1.31 (1.11 to 1.55)
Cancer mortality
Number of events	98	362	367	319
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age- and sex-adjusted	1.14 (0.91 to 1.43)	Reference	1.34 (1.16 to 1.55)	2.13 (1.83 to 2.48)
Model 1*	1.11 (0.88 to 1.39)	Reference	1.25 (1.07 to 1.45)	1.81 (1.54 to 2.12)
Model 2†	1.08 (0.85 to 1.36)	Reference	1.21 (1.04 to 1.40)	1.69 (1.44 to 1.99)

Abbreviation: CI confidence interval, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

*Model 1 included age, sex, race/ethnicity, self-reported health condition, smoking status, marital status, educational status, family poverty-income ratio, insurance status, and survey cycle year

†Model 2 included age, sex, race/ethnicity, self-reported health condition, smoking status, marital status, educational status, family poverty-income ratio, insurance status, survey cycle year, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of dyslipidemia, history of cardiovascular diseases, and history of cancer