Table 1.
Baseline and follow-up characteristics by incidence of DKD.
| Non-DKD | DKD | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||
| N (805) | 609 | 196 | |
| Male [% (n)] | 55.8 (340) | 60.7 (119) | 0.23 |
| Age (years) | 51.6 (10.0) | 53.8 (9.7) | 0.005 |
| Duration (years) | 6.7 (6.0) | 9.4 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (25.2, 25.8) | 25.9 (25.3, 26.4) | 0.24 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.6 (126.3, 129.0) | 129.6 (127.2, 132.0) | 0.167 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.6 (80.7, 82.5) | 83.2 (81.6, 84.8) | 0.101 |
| Family history [Yes, % (n)] | 41.4 (252) | 40.3 (79) | 0.791 |
| Smoker [Yes, % (n)] | 17.4 (106) | 28.1 (55) | 0.001 |
| Drinker [Yes, % (n)] | 11.0 (67) | 13.3 (26) | 0.389 |
| HBP [Yes, % n)] | 36.5 (222) | 41.3 (81) | 0.979 |
| CHD [Yes, % (n)] | 11.3 (69) | 15.8 (31) | 0.995 |
| INFAR [Yes, % (n)] | 4.6 (28) | 4.6 (9) | 0.674 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 8.7 (8.1, 9.2) | 13.6 (12.6, 14.6) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.1 (7.9, 8.2) | 9.1 (8.8, 9.4) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.8 (8.5, 9.0) | 10.0 (9.6, 10.4) | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.76 (4.69, 4.84) | 4.94 (4.80, 5.08) | 0.037 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.53 (2.28, 2.77) | 3.21 (2.78, 3.63) | 0.007 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.07 (1.04, 1.09) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 0.281 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.95 (2.88, 3.02) | 2.95 (2.83, 3.07) | 0.981 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 5.3 (5.1, 5.4) | 5.7 (5.5, 5.9) | 0.001 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 304.4 (298.1, 310.8) | 323.4 (311.8, 336.0) | 0.005 |
| Scr (μmol/L) | 60.7 (59.6, 61.7) | 62.7 (60.8, 64.5) | 0.078 |
| CysC (mg/L) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 105.3 (104.6, 106.0) | 104.2 (102.9, 105.4) | 0.135 |
| Alb (g/L) | 42.7 (42.5, 43.0) | 43.6 (43.1, 44.0) | 0.004 |
| AST (U/L) | 20.0 (18.4, 21.5) | 23.3 (20.6, 26.1) | 0.04 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25.5 (24.2, 26.9) | 27.1 (24.7, 29.5) | 0.267 |
| Follow-up | |||
| Follow-up time (years) | 5.1 (1.4) | 4.2 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 56.8 (9.7) | 57.2 (10.9) | 0.200 |
| Duration (years) | 11.8 (6.1) | 13.5 (6.3) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 (24.4, 25.0) | 26.6 (26.0, 27.2) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.8 (130.0, 133.6) | 133.7 (130.3, 137.0) | 0.336 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.9 (76.9, 79.0) | 82.5 (80.5, 84.4) | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 10.5 (8.5, 12.4) | 51.9 (48.5, 55.3) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 (7.7, 8.0) | 8.5 (8.2, 8.7) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.0 (7.7, 8.2) | 9.3 (8.8, 9.8) | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.60 (4.51, 4.68) | 4.65 (4.51, 4.80) | 0.507 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.13 (1.98, 2.28) | 2.38 (2.11, 2.65) | 0.117 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.10 (1.07, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.07, 1.16) | 0.533 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.77 (2.71, 2.83) | 2.77 (2.66, 2.88) | 0.0945 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 5.18 (5.07, 5.29) | 5.66 (5.47, 5.85) | <0.001 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 320.0 (312.7, 327.2) | 350.1 (337.0, 363.3) | <0.001 |
| Scr (μmol/L) | 61.7 (60.6, 62.9) | 64.5 (62.4, 66.6) | 0.026 |
| CysC (mg/L) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 100.7 (99.7, 101.7) | 99.2 (97.5, 101.0) | 0.040 |
| Alb (g/L) | 41.6 (41.4, 41.9) | 43.4 (42.9, 43.9) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 19.7 (19.1, 20.4) | 19.5 (18.3, 20.6) | 0.709 |
| ALT (U/L) | 24.0 (22.8, 25.2) | 22.5 (20.4, 24.6) | 0.235 |
Variables are presented as means (SD), n (%), or means (95% confidence interval) (after covariate analysis).
DKD, diabetic kidney disease; Non-DKD, non-diabetic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HBP, high blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; INFAR, cerebral infarction; UACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A-1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Scr, serum creatinine; UA, uric acid; Cysc, cystatin C; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Alb, albumin; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.
eGFR was calculated as the formula for CKD-EPI 2009.