Table 1.
Summary of the selected DNA platforms, their types of action, and promoted applications
| Classification/DNA platform type | Type of action | Application | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery | |||
| Branched ssDNA structures | Linking of sgRNA to the structures to form sgRNA/Cas9/antisense particles | Aptamer targeted delivery and release of sgRNA/Cas9 upon enzymatic digestion | Liu et al. (2019) |
| Valency-controlled tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) | Anchoring of aptamer-equipped TDNs to EVs | Tumor-specific EV targeting | Zhuang et al. (2020) |
| PEI-coated DNA nanoclew | Repeating strand sequence complementary to sgRNA | sgRNA/Cas9 delivery and aided endosomal escape | Sun et al. (2015) |
| Gal-PEI-DM coated DNA nanoclew | Addition of charge-reversal polymer coating to DNA nanoclew | Charge-reversal of the carrier in response to pH changes | Sun et al. (2020) |
| DNA nanogel | Crosslinking of sgRNA/Cas9 loaded DNA-grafted PCL brushes | Gradual release upon digestion, aided endosomal escape (with PEI coating) | Ding et al. (2019); Huang et al. (2020) |
| Ultralong ssDNA encoded with multiple functional sites | Proton triggered release of Hhal enzyme causes cleavage of carrier DNA at encoded cleavage sites | Co-delivery of sgRNA/Cas9 and DNAzyme inside lysosomes | Li et al. (2022) |
| Gene-based DNA origami | Folding of gene-length ssDNA into DNA origami | Co-delivery of entire genes and sgRNA/Cas9 | Lin-Shiao et al. (2022) |
| Other functions | |||
| Tile-like DNA origami frame | Binding sites in the hollow of the frame allow controlled suspension of target from two points | Studying the Cas cleavage of relaxed and restrained dsDNA targets in real time with high-speed AFM | Räz et al. (2016) |
| DNA origami tile decorated with PAM antennas | Controlled positioning and confinement of PAM antennas near sgRNA targets | Studying of sgRNA/Cas9 binding and cleaving dynamics | Wang et al. (2020a) |
| DNA origami with ssDNA cleavage sites | Cleavage of ssDNA features with Cas12a | Post-processing and release of moving or tension-loaded DNA origami structures | Xiong et al. (2020) |
| Photoresponsive DNA origami nanoring | Anchoring of Cas9 to DNA origami with photoresponsive linkers | Remote-triggered release of Cas9 | Abe et al. (2021) |