Table 2.
Taxonomic and geographic distribution, habit, parts used, modes of preparation and routes of administration and dosage of herbal remedies of TB.
| SN | Family Name | Botanical name | Common name(s)/language name/s | Region | Habit | Part used | ROA | Mode of preparation/Types of TB | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lamiaceae | Artemisia abyssinica Shc.Bip.ex.A.Rich | Tiroo (Oro) | Oro | H | Lv | Or | Not specified | (Gemechu et al., 2013; Bekalo et al., 2009) |
| 2 | Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd | Chiqugn (Amh) | Oro | H | Lv | Or | Not specified | (Bekalo et al., 2009; Yineger et al., 2008) | |
| 3 | Clerodendrum myricoides Hochst. Vatke | Aghio (kaficho) | Kaffa | Sh | Or | Not specified | (Abate, 1989) | ||
| 4 | Ocimum americanum L. | Zeka-keba (Amh) | SNNP | H | Fr | Not specified | (Bekalo et al., 2009) | ||
| 5 | Ocimum basilicum L. | Besobilla (Amh) | Amh | H | Sd | Not specified | (Gemechu et al., 2013) | ||
| 6 | Ocimum lamiifolum Hochst. ex Benth.... | Demakessie (Oro) | Oro | T | Lv | Fresh leaves pounded and juice is drunk | (Gizachew et al., 2013; Mesfin et al., 2005; Getahun, 1976) | ||
| 7 | Oenanthe procumbens (H. Wolff) Norman | Bunkaka Hida (Or) | Amh | Sh | Lv | Or, Sk | Oral/skin EPTB | (Amsalu, 2010) | |
| 8 | Otostegia integrifolia Benth | Tinjute (Amh) | Amh | Sh | Rt | Or, Ins | Fresh or dried leaf is used as fire fumigation | (Kahaliw, 2016; Enyew et al., 2014) | |
| 9 | Euphorbiaceae | Clutia abyssinica Kaub. & Spach. | Yemar semat (G) | SNNP | Sh | Lv | Or | Infusion | (Teka et al., 2020) |
| 10 | Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile | Masincho (Si) | SNNP | T | Ba | Or | Boiling leaves of shoots in water and decanting the toxic water, & allowed to dry. Mixing dry fine powder with powder of spices & water, and giving about two syringes per day for a month | (Tefera and Kim, 2019; Kewessa et al., 2015; Gonfa et al., 2015; Balcha et al., 2014; Gemechu et al., 2013; Amsalu, 2010; Geyid et al., 2005) | |
| 11 | Euphorbia candelabrum Ketshy | Kulkual (Amh) | Amh/Oro | T | Lq | Or | Dropping diluted in water (drinking) | (Bekele and Reddy, 2014; Mesfin et al., 2013) | |
| 12 | Euphorbia tirucali L. | Kenchib (Amh) | T | Lq | Not specified | (Genene and Hazare, 2017) | |||
| 13 | Euphorbia cryptospinosa Bally | Aananno (Oro) | Oro | C | Rt | Or | Crushing internal part of the root with the roots of Solanum incanum & Osyris quadripartita, making s/n & adding honey then drinking as necessary when the patients become thirsty | (Fenetahun and Eshetu, 2017; Ashagre et al., 2016) | |
| 14 | Jatropha glauca Vahl. | Qablis (Af) | Afar | Sh | Rt | Or, Ins | Making infusion of fresh root and administering intranasal and orally | (Seifu, 2004) | |
| 15 | Ricinus communis L. | Qobbo | Oro | Sh | Lv | Or | Rubbing fresh warmed leaf with fine on the swelling | (Wolditsadik, 2018) | |
| 16 | Cucurbitaceae | Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn | Anchote (Oro) | Oro | H | Rt | Or | Cooking its root with leaves of Croton macrostachyus and eating with ‘injera’ for four days | (Birhanu et al., 2015; Dawit and Estifanos, 1991; Megersa et al., 2013; Getahun, 1985; Amare, 1973) |
| 17 | Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. | Hafaflo (Tig) | Tig | C | Rt | Or | Not specified | (Zenebe et al., 2012) | |
| 18 | Cucumis ficifolius A.Rich | Yemdir embouy (Amh) | SNNP/Amh/Tig | H | Fr | Or | Mixing its fruit with root of Gnidia involucrata and bulb of garlic, crushing and soaking it 7 days in local “Tella” and taking one cup for five days or powdered, mixed with water, drink | (Araya et al., 2015; Regassa, 2013; Gebeyehu, 2011) | |
| 19 | Cucumis pastulatus L. | Qalfoon (Som) | Oro | C | RT | Or | Chewing the root or crushing the root, making s/n and drinking one coffee cup daily until cured | (Ashagre et al., 2016; Balemie et al., 2004) | |
| 20 | Momordica foetida Schumach | Yubarrae | SNNP | C | Rt | Or | Crushed/pounded fresh/dry root mixed with Allium sativum bulb is taken orally before breakfast for three days. | (Mesfin et al., 2009) | |
| 21 | Zehneria scabra (Linn. f.) Sond. | Haregresa (Amh) | Amh | H | St, Lv | Sk/To | Not specified | (Alemneh, 2021a, Alemneh, 2021b) | |
| 22 | Fabaceae | Acacia albida Del. | Gerbi (Oro) | Oro/SNNP | T | AP | Or | Concoction, crushed | (Temam and Dillo, 2016; Belayneh et al., 2012) |
| 23 | Acacia mellifera (M. Vahl) Benth | Kontir grar (Amh) | Afar | Sh | Lv | Or | ETPB (fresh leaves consumption) | (Teklehaymanot, 2017) | |
| 24 | Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf | Wanga (Or) | Afar | Sh | Rt | Or, Ins | Fresh root consumption | (Teklehaymanot, 2017) | |
| 25 | Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. | Hitsawutse (Tig) | Tig | Sh | Rt | Or | Not specified | (Gemechu et al., 2013; Zenebe et al., 2012) | |
| 26 | Erythrina brucei Schweinf | Woleko (Sid) | SNNP | T | Ba | Or | Not specified (Bovine TB) | (Kewessa et al., 2015) | |
| 27 | Pterolobium stellatum (Forsk.) Brenan. | Kentefa (Amh) | Amh/Tig | Sh | Rt | Not specified | (Kahaliw, 2016; Balcha et al., 2014) | ||
| 28 | Alliaceae | Allium cepa L. | Qey shinkurt (Amh) | Oro | B | Bu | Or | Fresh chewing | (d’Avigdor et al., 2014; Fulas, 2007; Fullas, 2003) |
| 29 | Allium ursinum L. | Yejib shinkurt (Amh) | Tig | B | Fr | Or | Fresh fruits crushed & blended with honey & butter | (Balcha et al., 2014; Gemechu et al., 2013; Belayneh et al., 2012; Yirga, 2010) | |
| 30 | Allium sativum L. H | Kashari shunkurutta (Oro) | Oro/SNNP/Tig | B | Bu/Lv | Or | Taking orally grinded and mixed with honey | (Osman et al., 2020; Belayneh et al., 2012; Mesfin et al., 2009; Wondimu et al., 2007) | |
| 31 | Apocynaceae | Carissa edulis Vahl | Agam (Amh) | Amh | T | Rt | Or | Not specified | (Kahaliw, 2016) |
| 32 | Carissa spinarum L. | Otilaa (Si) | SNNP | Sh | Fr | Or | Not specified | (Kewessa et al., 2015) | |
| 33 | Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R. Br. | Leehamohcaxa (Af) | Afar | Sh | Lv | Or, Ins | Making infusion of fresh leaves and administering intranasal and a small amount orally | (Seifu, 2004) | |
| 34 | Asteraceae | Echinops kebericho Mesfin | kebericho (Oro) | Oro | H | Rt | Not specified | (d’Avigdor et al., 2014; Abebe et al., 2003) | |
| 35 | Laggera tomentosa (Sch.Bip.ex A.Rich.) Oliv.& Hiern | Keskessie (Amh) | Amh | T | LV | Sk/To | Tying fresh pounded leaf on the swelling. | (Wolditsadik, 2018) | |
| 36 | Vernonia amygdalina Del. | Grawa (Amh) | Amh | Sh | Rt | Not specified | (Kahaliw, 2016) | ||
| 37 | Capparidaceae | Balanites rotundifolia (van Tiegn) Blatter | Alayto (Af) | Afar | Sh | Lv | Or, Ins, Sk/To | Crsuhing leaves ETPB (Hu + Bovine TB) | (Teklehaymanot, 2017) |
| 38 | Boscia angustifolia A. Rich | Kermed (Tig) | Tig | T | Ba | Or | Crushing together with whole part of Celtis Africana homogenize with water and drinking a bottle cup of the solution for 7 consecutive days in the morning | (Gidey et al., 2015) | |
| 39 | Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk | Kenquele (Kam) | Afar | Sh | Lv | Or, Ins | Bovine TB (fresh leaves consumption) | (Teklehaymanot, 2017) | |
| 40 | Malvaceae | Hibiscus cannabinus L. | Dans's'a (Dawro) | SNNP | Sh | Fl | Or | Chopped, pound | (Agize et al., 2013) |
| 41 | Malva parviflora L | Siito (Halaba) | SNNP | H | Lv | Or | The leaf is crushed, powder mixed with water drunk | (Regassa et al., 2017) | |
| 42 | Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A. Rich | Chefreg (Amh) | H | Rt | Not specified | (Genene and Hazare, 2017) | |||
| 43 | Eucalyptus spps. | Bahir zaf (Amh) | Tig | T | Lv | Not specified | (Birhanu et al., 2015) | ||
| 44 | Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh | Key bahir zaf (Amh) | Tig | T | Lv | Not specified | (Gemechu et al., 2013; Birhane et al., 2011) | |
| 45 | Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. | Duwancho (Sid) | SNNP | T | Bk | Or | Not specified (used for both human and bovine TB) | (Kewessa et al., 2015) | |
| 46 | Oleaceae | Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. | Tembelel (Amh) | Amh | T | AP | Not specified | (Geyid et al., 2005) | |
| 47 | Olea europaea L. | Woira (Amh) | Oro/SNNP/Afar | T | Fr | Or | Not specified | (Legesse et al., 2011; Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2010; Amenu, 2007) | |
| 48 | Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. Ex G.Don.) Cif | Ejersa (Oro) | Oro | T | Rt | Sk/To | The extracted oil from the roots put on the affected site (Bone TB) EPTB | (Jima and Megersa, 2018; Kewessa et al., 2015) | |
| 49 | Solanaceae | Capsicum annuum L. | Geed case (Som) | Som | H | WP | Or | Grounding the stem and dissolving with water & drinking | (Issa, 2015) |
| 50 | Solanum anguivai Lam. | Ambu (Bench) | SNNP | Sh | Lv | Sk/To | Pounding leaf and apply topically for gland TB | (Giday, 2009a; 2009b) | |
| 51 | Solanum marginatum L. f. | Abyiengule(Tig) | Tig | Sh | Sds | Or | Drying seeds, crushing & adding into milk or coffee and solution taking every morning for 21 days (even for cattle) | (Araya et al., 2015) | |
| 52 | Anacardiaceae | Rhus vulgaris Meikle | Kammo (Amh) | Amh | Sh | Fr | Or | Grounding fruits are mixing with honey and one glass is drunk on empty stomach until recovery. | (Gebeyehu, 2011) |
| 53 | Schinus Molle L. | Kundo berbere (Amh) | Oro | T | Sd | Or | Crushing seeds and mixing with honey and eating | (Getaneh and Girma, 2013) | |
| 54 | Asclepiadaceae | Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait | Ginda (Tig) | Tig | Sh | Rt | Ins | Crushing its roots into powder and mix with pounded bark of Croton macrostachyus and leaves of Ficus palmate & sniffing | (Araya et al., 2015) |
| 55 | Dregea sp. | Geed sare (Sum) | Som | C | Lv | Or | Grinding leaves and boiling with milk and drinking | (Issa, 2015) | |
| 56 | Combretaceae | Combretum molle G. Don | Xamasuda (Sum) | Som | T | Lv | Or | Grounding the leaves boiling and drinking | (Issa, 2015) |
| 57 | Corrigiola capensis subsp. Africana | Dakagella (ku) Kunama | Tig | T | Lv | Or | Crushing the leaf, and drink a cup of the juice for three consecutive days | (Gidey et al., 2015) | |
| 58 | Meliaceae | Trichilia dregeana Sond | Anunu (Amh) | Oro | T | Rt | Or | Powdering and taking its 1/2 cup of tea | (Etana, 2015) |
| 59 | Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. | Olonchoo (Sid) | SNNP | T | Ba | Or | Crushing and pounding mixing with Hot Water/Bovine TB | (Tefera and Kim, 2019; Kewessa et al., 2015; Banerjee et al., 2014) | |
| 60 | Myrsinaceae | Embelia schimperi Vatke. | Sharrengo (Gedio) | SNNP | Sh | Rt | Or | Crushing fresh root with water and taking that for several days | (Mesfin et al., 2009) |
| 61 | Myrsine Africana L. | Qacama (Oro) | Oro | Sh | Lv | Leaves crushed and squeezed in fresh form with water. The juice was then indicated to be drunk in very small amount for three days | (Gizachew et al., 2013; Yineger and Yewhalaw, 2007; Wolde and Gebre-Mariam, 2002; Desissa and Binggeli, 2000) | ||
| 62 | Ranunculaceae | Clematis hirsute Perr. & Guill. | Fiitii (Oro) | Oro | C | Lv | Sk/To | Pounding the leaves, dissolving in water &drinking half of small glass & applying certain amount of the solution into the wound's opening using syringe, and also putting residues on its opening (gland TB) | (Fenetahun and Eshetu, 2017; Ashagre et al., 2016; Temam and Dillo, 2016) |
| 63 | Clematis simensis Fres. | Azo-hareg (Amh) | SNNP/Oro | C | AP | Or | Not specified | (Temam and Dillo, 2016; Geyid et al., 2005) ( | |
| 64 | Rutaceae | Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. | Lemin (Tig) | Tig | Sh | Fr | Or | Not specified | (Zenebe et al., 2012) |
| 65 | Clausena antisata (Willd.) Benth. | Agam (Amh) | Oro | Sh | Lv | Or | Not specified | (Gizachew et al., 2013; Yineger and Yewhalaw, 2007) | |
| 66 | Rosaceae | Rosa x richardii Rehd. | Tsigereda | Amh | Sh | Fl | Sk/To | As a skin tie (Gland TB) and also for Bone TB | (Alemneh, 2021a, Alemneh, 2021b) |
| 67 | Rubus apetalus Poir | Go'ra (Oro) | SNNP | Sh | Rt | Or | The root is pounding root, boiling, and drinking | (Tuasha et al., 2018; Gedif and Hahn, 2003) | |
| 68 | Rubiaceae | Psydrax schimperiana (A.Rich.) Bridson | Gaalle | Oro | T | Rt | Not specified | (Gemechu et al., 2013; Lulekal et al., 2008) | |
| 69 | Rubia cordifolia L. | Mencherer | Amh | C | Rt | Or | Crushing and smashing root in water in 3 days then drink | (Chekole, 2017) | |
| 70 | Agaveace | Indigofera amorphoides Jaub. et Spach | Jeere (Oro) | Oro | H | Rt | Not specified | (Gemechu et al., 2013; Lulekal et al., 2008) | |
| 71 | Amaranthaceae | Celosia polystachia (Forssk.) C.C. Towns.∗ | Kontoma (Af) | Afar | H | Rt | Or, Ins | Root consumption | (Teklehaymanot, 2017) |
| 72 | Amaryllidaceae | Scadoxus multiorus (Martyn) Raf. | Ija Dhukkubsituu (Or) | Amh | H | Rt | Sk/To | Not specified | (Alemneh, 2021a, Alemneh, 2021b) |
| 73 | Apiaceae | Anethum graveolens L. (dill) | Ensilal (Amh) | Tig | H | AP | Or | Not specified | (Balcha et al., 2014) |
| 74 | Araceae | Arisaema schimperianum Schott | Amoch (Amh) | Oro | H | Lv | Or | Not specified | (Yineger et al., 2008) |
| 75 | Asphodelaceae | Aloe species | Quureyta (Af)/Riet (Amh) | Afar/Amh | Sh | St/Rt | Or | Drinking its infusion mixed with roots of Tamarix aphylla and root of Salvadora persica L,. Also, taking orally dried, powdered root buried for 6 months mixed with honey or only Aloe sp root buried for 6 months, dried and powdered then mixed with 1kg of honey and taken orally | (Zewdu et al., 2015; Seifu, 2004) |
| 76 | Balanitaceae | Balanites aegyptiaca (van Tieghem) Blatter | Uda (Af) | Afar | Sh | Lv | Or, Ins | Fresh leaves consumption | (Teklehaymanot, 2017) |
| 77 | Boraginaceae | Bourreria orbicularis (Hutch. & E.A. Bruce) Thulin | Ulageita (Af) | Afar | Sh | Fr | Or, Ins | Bovine TB (fresh fruit consumption) | (Teklehaymanot, 2017) |
| 78 | Brassicaceae | Lepidium sativum L. | Shunfax (Som) | Som/Oro | H | Sd | Or, Sk/To | Swallowing fresh seeds, applying on open swelling or wound, adding small amount of sulphur & covering it with seed paste of L. Sativum & latex of C. Procera (EPTB topical-for gland TB) | (Temam and Dillo, 2016; Araya et al., 2015; Issa, 2015) |
| 79 | Canellaceae | Warburgia ugandensis Sprague | Kenefa/Zogdom (Amh) | Oro | T | Bk | Not specified | (Giday, 2009a, 2009b; Lulekal et al., 2008; Wube et al., 2005) | |
| 80 | Celastraceae | Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) | Kombolicha (Oro) | Oro | Sh | Rt | Or | Powdered or as an infusion (taken in/drunk) | (Bekele and Reddy, 2014) |
| 81 | Lauraceae | Persea americana Mill | Avocado | Amh | T | Lv | Not specified | (Kahaliw, 2016) | |
| 82 | Logianiaceae | Buddleja polystachia | Anfar- (Tig) | Tig | T | Lv | Or | Not specified | (Balcha et al., 2014) |
| 83 | Loranthaceae | Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Tiegh. | Hafa-teketsila (Amh) | Amh | H | WP | Sk/To | Appliying on Skin for Gland TB | (Giday et al., 2007) |
| 84 | Meliantaceae | Bersama abyssinica Fresen | Jejjebba | SNNP | Sh | Rt | Or | Crushing/pounding fresh root mixed with cold water and taking orally | (Mesfin et al., 2009) |
| 85 | Moraceae | Ficus palmata Forssk | Qotilebele-s | Tig | Sh | Lv | Ins | Crushing its leaves with roots of C. Procera is into powder and mixing with pounded bark of Croton macrostachyus &sniffing | (Araya et al., 2015) |
| 86 | Olacaceae | Ximenia americana L. | Hudhaa (Oro) | Oro | T | Rt | Or | Chewing, infusion with hot drinks, eating together with other foods | (Wondimu et al., 2007) |
| 87 | Plumbaginaceae | Plumbago zeylanica L. | Amira (Agew) | Amh | Sh | Lv | Sk/To | Crushed leaves and skin tie (Gland TB) and also for Bone TB | (Giday, 2009a, 2009b; Teklehaymanot, 2009) |
| 88 | Santalaceae | Osyris quadripartita Decn | Waatoo (Oro) | Oro | Sh | Lv, Rt | Or | Pounding them to make solution and drinking 1 water glass daily for a month | (Ashagre et al., 2016) |
| 89 | Thymelaeaceae | Gnidia involucrata Steud | Boto (Amh) | Amh | H | Rt | Or | The root mixed with the fruit of Cucumis ficifolius and bulb of garlic are crushed and soaked 7 days in local “Tella” and one cup is taken for five days | (Gebeyehu, 2011) |
| 90 | Xygophyllaceae | Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile | Mekie (Tig) | Tig | T | Fr | Or | Not specified | (Zenebe et al., 2012) |
| 91 | Polygonaceae | Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. | Mekmoko (Oro) | Tig/Oro | H | Rt | Sk/To | Making paste and mixing with cow butter as ointment | (d’Avigdor et al., 2014; Moravec et al., 2014; Zenebe et al., 2012; Gebeyehu, 2011; Abebe et al., 2003; Gedif and Hahn, 2003) |
| 92 | Salvadoraceae | Salvadora persica L | Qadayto (Af) | Afar | T | Rt | Or | Making ihe infusion of the root, and the leaves of Aloe sp. And administering orally with root of Tamarix aphylla | (Seifu, 2004) |
| 93 | Sapindaceae | Dodonaea angustifolia L.F. | Kitkita (Amh) | Tig/SNNP | Sh | Fr | Or | Powdering dry fruit with water and giving orally | (Balcha et al., 2014; Birhane et al., 2011; Mesfin et al., 2009) |
| 94 | Scrophulariaceae | Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth | Adiri bereka (Tig | Tig | H | Lv | Or | Crushing the leaf, homogenizing with water anddrinking | (Gidey et al., 2015) |
| 95 | Tamaricaceae | Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst | Saaganto (Af) | Afar | T | Rt | Or, Ins | Making infusion of its root with root of Tamarix aphylla and leaves of Aloe spp and administer orally with Salvadora persica. | (Seifu, 2004) |
| 96 | Vitaceae | Celtis Africana Burm.f. | Aga (Ku) | Tig | C | WP | Or | Crushing together with bark of Boscia angustifolia homogenize with water and drinking a bottle cup of the solution for 7 consecutive days in the morning | (Gidey et al., 2015) |
| 97 | Viscaceae | Viscum tuberculatum A. Rich | Cudurka Qaaxada (Sum) | Som | T | Lv | Or | Grounding leaves, disperse in water & drink | (Issa, 2015) |
| 98 | Zingiberaceae | Zingiber offfcinale Roscoe | Zingibil (Amh) | Amh/Tig | H | Rh | Or | Chewing and swallowing (bone TB) | (Giday et al., 2007) |
Key: growth forms (T = tree, B = bulb, Cl = climber, H=Herb, Sh = shrub, Rh= Rhizome).
PU-Parts used = (Lf = leaf, Rt = root, Ba = bark, Fl = flower, Fr = fruit, Sd = seed, Lq = liquid, Sh = shoot, St = stem, AP = Aerial part, WP = Whole part).
Routes of administration = ROA (Or = oral, Sk/To = Skin tie or Topical, Ins = intranasal).
Local names: Amh = Amharic, G = Gurage, Tig = Tigrigna, Oro = Afaan Oromoo, Sid = Sidamu-afoo, Age: Agewugna, Kem = Kambatissa, Som = Somali, Ku = kunama, NA = not available.
Types of TB: EPTB = extrapulmonary TB, BTB = bovine TB.