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. 2022 May 11;10:886974. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.886974

Table 3.

Comparison of baseline brain structure and cognitive function between internet users and non-internet users.

Variables Internet users (n = 19) Non-internet users (n = 30) X2 or t or Z P -Value
Age, years 64.58 ± 4.948 64.90 ± 4.444 −0.236 0.815
Education, years 11.53 ± 2.695 11.37 ± 2.760 0.199 0.843
Male, n (%) 15 (78.9) 25 (83.3) 0.149 0.720
Smoker, n (%) 8 (42.1) 14 (46.7) 0.098 0.777
Drinker, n (%) 6 (31.6) 8 (26.7) 0.138 0.754
Tea drinker, n (%) 13 (68.4) 14 (46.7) 2.225 0.155
Take exercise, n (%) 10 (52.6) 21 (70.0) 1.510 0.242
Diabetes, n (%) 4 (21.1) 6 (20.0) 0.008 1.000
Hypertension, n (%) 8 (42.1) 13 (43.3) 0.007 1.000
Whole brain volume, cm3 1,573.63 ± 117.264 1,524.69 ± 92.251 1.627 0.110
Left hippocampus, cm3 4.034 ± 0.410 3.747 ± 0.342 2.648 0.011*
Right hippocampus, cm3 4.251 ± 0.377 3.971 ± 0.361 2.602 0.012*
Left amygdala, cm3 1.718 ± 0.242 1.579 ± 0.185 2.260 0.028*
Right amygdala, cm3 1.877 ± 0.288 1.735 ± 0.234 1.889 0.065
Left globus pallidus, cm3 2.167 ± 0.256 2.034 ± 0.167 2.210 0.032*
Right globus pallidus, cm3 2.123 ± 0.206 1.938 ± 0.173 3.374 0.001*
Baseline MMSE 28.53 ± 1.712 28.77 ± 1.305 −0.556 0.581
Follow up of MMSE 28.25 ± 1.658 27.82 ± 1.879 0.631 0.533
MMSE change score 0.000 ± 2.044 −1.177 ± 1.237 −2.235 0.033*
Baseline MoCA 26.16 ± 2.630 25.87 ± 2.623 0.378 0.707
Follow up of MoCA 25.42 ± 3.088 25.82 ± 3.187 −0.343 0.734
MoCA change score 0.000 ± 3.104 0.824 ± 3.067 −0.709 0.485

MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

*

P < 0.05.

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