Table 1.
Summary of 10 indicators included in the present analyses.
| Concern indicatorsa | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Government policy & hygiene education | ||
| Lockdown efficiency | Average stringency index of the last 2 weeks of the month compared to the total incidence of COVID-19 of the first 2 weeks of the month | Our World in Data5, OxCGRT2 |
| Health-system policies | Average of public information campaigns, testing policy, contact tracing, facial coverings, and vaccination policy scoresb | OxCGRT2 |
| Health literacy | Google Trends value for “wash hands” and “face mask” | Google Trends13 |
| Vaccine coverage of the population | People covered by vaccines | Our World in Data5, Bloomberg15 |
| Vital health & socioeconomic indicators | ||
| One-month cases per 100,000 members of the population (per capita) | Number of COVID-19 cases per capita in the past month | Our World in Data5 |
| Infection growth rate (%) | Ratio of one-month cases to the total cumulative number of cases up until the previous month (%) | Our World in Data5 |
| One-month case fatality rate (%) | Ratio of one-month cumulative deaths to one-month cumulative infections (%) | Our World in Data5 |
| GDP loss | Difference in GDP annual growth rate between 2019 and 2020 or 2020 and 2021 over the same period | Trading Economics14 |
| Unemployment rate | Difference in monthly/ seasonal unemployment rate between 2019 and 2020 or 2020 and 2021 during the same timeframe | Trading Economics14 |
| Insomnia | Increase in Google searches for “insomnia” | Google Trends13 |
aAll indicators are updated monthly except for GDP loss, which is updated quarterly, and the unemployment increase rate, which is updated monthly or quarterly.
bVaccination policy included in December 2020 and later.