FIGURE 4.

Different ECM-based biomaterial types and resulted constructs. (A) Tube construct printed with collagen. Adapted with permission from (Lee et al., 2019). (B) Scaffold printed with collagen/heparin sulfate. Adapted with permission from (Jiang et al., 2020). (C) The non-porous human L3 vertebrae printed with MeHA. Adapted with permission from (Poldervaart et al., 2017). (D) The scaffolds printed with gelatin-alginate-hyaluronic acid. Adapted with permission from (Bertuola et al., 2021). (E) The nerve guidance conduits printed with GelMA. Adapted with permission from (Ye et al., 2020). (F) The scaffold printed with gelMA and hydroxyapatite (Das and Basu, 2022). (G) The scaffold printed with skin-derived dECM bioink. Adapted with permission from (Kim et al., 2018). (H) The scaffold printed with liver-derived dECM/PCL bioink. Adapted with permission from (Elomaa et al., 2020). (I) The dual cross-linked constructs printed with oxidized hyaluronate (OHA)/glycol chitosan (GC)/adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH)/hyaluronate-alginate hybrid (HAH). The gel constructs maintained their original dimension after 3 weeks at 37°. Adapted with permission from (Kim et al., 2022). (J) Nose-shaped construct printed with PU-gelatin. Adapted with permission from (Hsieh and Hsu, 2019). Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society. (K) The scaffold printed with tetrameric peptides as bioinks. Adapted with permission from (Rauf et al., 2021).