Fig. 2.

SARS-COV2 induced signaling pathways in host cells. Toll-like receptors (TLR3 and TLR 7/8) can recognize RNA, initiating the inflammatory cascade in SARS-CoV2 infection. TLR3 and TLR7/8 exert their effects via the recruitment of adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF, causing translocation of NF-κB and IFNs gene expression (Frieman and Baric, 2008). NF-κB, expression initiates the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including pro-IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF α (Giraldez et al., 2005). In addition, cytoplasmic NLRP3 can recognize the virus forming the inflammasome complex, with caspase-1 (Casp-1) and ASC, cleaving and releasing matured IL-1β and IL-18 (Zhao and Zhao, 2020). (created with biorender.com).