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. 2022 May 11;13:889472. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889472

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Copyright © 2022 Koledenkova, Esmaeel, Jacquard, Nowak, Clément and Ait Barka.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cross section of leaf infected by downy mildew. The pathogen structures are colored black, and all the stages of asexual life cycle are represented in the same plane of gray-colored plant cells, abaxial surface up.