Table 3.
Microorganisms based pesticides used against downy mildews.
| Biocontrol strategy | Species used | Possible mode of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB24 | Hyperparasitism and induced resistance | Savini et al., 2018 |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST 713 | Induced resistance | Savini et al., 2018 | |
| Bacillus subtilis GLB191 | Antifungal metabolites | Zhang et al., 2017 | |
| Bacillus subtilis KS1 | Antifungal lipopeptide iturin A | Furuya et al., 2011 | |
| Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 | Hyperparasitism and antifungal metabolites | Savini et al., 2018 | |
| Bacillus pumilus GLB197 | Antifungal metabolites | Zhang et al., 2017 | |
| Bacillus velezensis KOF112 | Zoospore release inhibition and induced resistance | Hamaoka et al., 2021 | |
| Lysobacter capsici AZ78 | Cell wall degradation due to lytic enzymes and anti-germinative metabolite diketopiperazine | Puopolo et al., 2014b; Cimmino et al., 2020 | |
| Ochrobactrum sp. SY286 | Cell wall degradation | Zang et al., 2020 | |
| Paenibacillus sp. B2 | Lytic enzymes (paenimyxin) and induced resistance | Hao et al., 2017 | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 | Induced resistance | Lakkis et al., 2019 | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens Pfl | Induced resistance | Archana et al., 2011 | |
| Streptomyces atratus PY-1 | Zoosporicidal activity due to metabolite production | Liang et al., 2016 | |
| Streptomyces sp. ANK313 | Zoosporicidal activity due to metabolite khatmiamycin | Abdalla et al., 2011; Yoshioka et al., 2019 | |
| Streptomyces viridosporus HH1 | Induced resistance | El-Sharkawy et al., 2018 | |
| Streptomyces violatus HH5 | Induced resistance | El-Sharkawy et al., 2018 | |
| Yeasts | Aureobasidium pullulans | Induced resistance | Harm et al., 2011 |
| Fungi | Acremonium persicinum | Anti-germinative metabolites acremines | Lo Piccolo et al., 2015 |
| Acremonium sclerotigenum | Anti-germinative metabolites acremines | Assante et al., 2005; Burruano et al., 2008 | |
| Alternaria alternata | Antifungal metabolites diketopiperazines | Musetti et al., 2006 | |
| Epicoccum nigrum | Hyperparasitism | Kortekamp, 1997 | |
| Fusarium delphinoides | Hyperparasitism and lytic enzymes | Ghule and Sawant, 2017 | |
| Fusarium brachygibbosum | Hyperparasitism and lytic enzymes | Ghule and Sawant, 2017 | |
| Fusarium pseudonygamai | Hyperparasitism and lytic enzymes | Ghule and Sawant, 2017 | |
| Fusarium sp. MCC 134 | Hyperparasitism and lytic enzymes | Ghule and Sawant, 2017 | |
| Fusarium proliferatum | Cell wall degradation | Falk et al., 1996; Bakshi et al., 2001 | |
| Penicillium chrysogenum | Induced resistance | Thuerig et al., 2006 | |
| Phomopsis sp. CAFT69 | Zoosporicidal activity due to phomopsidin metabolites | Talontsi et al., 2012 | |
| Rhizophagus irregularis | Induced resistance | Bruisson et al., 2016; Cruz-Silva et al., 2021 | |
| Trichoderma harzianum T39 | Induced resistance due to VOCs | Perazzolli et al., 2011; Lazazzara et al., 2021 | |
| Trichoderma harzianum HL1 | Induced resistance | El-Sharkawy et al., 2018 | |
| Trichoderma viride HL5 | Induced resistance | El-Sharkawy et al., 2018 |