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. 2022 May 25;289(1975):20212480. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2480

Table 1.

Sample characteristics.

range (sample) range (scale)
n 731
gender 515 women (70.45%)
country of residence Austria: n = 480 (65.66%)
Italy: n = 225 (30.78%)
Germany: n = 26 (3.56%)
education 237 (32.42%) postgraduate degree
189 (25.85) undergraduate degree
270 (36.93%) high school
33 (4.51%) middle school
2 (0.27%) elementary school or none
age (in years) M = 31.67 (s.d. = 11.74) [18.00–80.00]
chronic stressa M = 18.87 (s.d. = 7.34) [1.00–40.00] [0.00–40.00]
depressive symptomsb M = 8.20 (s.d. = 5.19) [0.00–27.00] [0.00–27.00]
lonelinessc M = 38.30 (s.d. = 9.71) [20.00–72.00] [20.00–80.00]
financial securityd M = 58.62 (s.d. = 31.46) [1.00–100.00] [0.00–100.00]
COVID-19-related concernse M = 49.91 (s.d. = 18.49) [2.75–99.25] [0.00–100.00]

Note. The following variables were assessed only once at entry/baseline (d,e) or on the final day (ac) with these questionnaires:

aPerceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) [29,30].

bPatient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [33].

cThe UCLA Loneliness Scale [31,32].

dSingle item measure: ‘How financially secure do you feel at the time being?’

eThe mean of four items measuring COVID-19-related concerns.