Table 3.
Characteristics of BSI Episodes in COVID-19 Patient According to Anti-inflammatory Treatment Subgroups.
| Anti-inflammatory treatments | Total episodes (n = 252) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of BSI episodes | Treated with MP (n = 87) | Treated with MP and TCZ (n = 53) | Treated with TCZ (n = 8) | Treated with DEX (n = 59) | Treated with DEX and TCZ (n = 30) | Treated with neither of them (n = 15) | |
| Development of ESRD in ICU, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (5.7) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (11.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (4.8) |
| Source of BSI, n (%) | |||||||
| Unknown | 12 (13.8) | 10 (18.9) | 2 (25.0) | 14 (23.7) | 5 (16.7) | 1 (6.7) | 44 (17.5) |
| Lower respiratory tract | 36 (41.4) | 18 (34.0) | 3 (37.5) | 23 (39.0) | 10 (33.3) | 8 (53.3) | 98 (38.9) |
| CVC-related | 38 (43.7) | 24 (45.3) | 3 (37.5) | 21 (35.6) | 15 (50.0) | 6 (40.0) | 107 (42.5) |
| Urinary tract | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.2) |
| Laboratory results on episode, median (IQR) | |||||||
| WBC (x10−3/mm3) | 14.0 (8.9-20.9) | 11.6 (6.7-17.3) | 12.1 (11.6-23.1) | 16.0 (10.8-22.3) | 14.5 (10.0-20.7) | 14.2 (10.9-20.1) | 14.0 (9.5-19.8) |
| Lymphocyte (x10−3/mm3) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | 0.5 (0.3-0.8) | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 0.6 (0.4-09) |
| Platelet (x10−3/mm3) | 217.0 (154.0-300.0) | 163.8 (99.9-245.5) | 159.3 (115.2-230.8) | 237.0 (172.2-381.3) | 175.4 (111.6-292.0) | 228.0 (158.9-349.0) | 205.0 (135.1-312.8) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 160.0 (105.0-264.0) | 73.0 (25.0-176.5) | 67.5 (8.3-141.0) | 158.0 (87.0-244.0) | 38.5 (12.5-104.0) | 204.0 (129.0-244.0) | 129.5 (69.3-206.3) |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 1.96 (0.53-6.03) | 2.12 (0.69-6.49) | 0.63 (0.13-1.59) | 1.69 (0.77-7.67) | 1.37 (0.35-3.21) | 1.34 (0.86-10.20) | 1.69 (0.57-5.22) |
| Lactate deydrogenase (U/L) | 458.0 (339.0-525.0) | 521.0 (423.5-657.0) | 570.0 (524.3-729.8) | 415.0 (323.0-512.0) | 541.0 (415.8-700.3) | 408.0 (339.0-525.0) | 473.0 (370.8-607.5) |
| Type of BSI, n (%) | |||||||
| Monomicrobial | 70 (80.5) | 39 (73.6) | 7 (87.5) | 48 (81.4) | 25 (83.3) | 13 (86.7) | 202 (80.2) |
| Polymicrobial | 17 (19.5) | 14 (26.4) | 1 (12.5) | 11 (18.6) | 5 (16.7) | 2 (13.3) | 50 (19.8) |
| Causative pathogens, n (%) | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 34 (39.1) | 23 (43.4) | 4 (50.0) | 20 (33.9) | 11 (36.7) | 8 (53.3) | 100 (39.7) |
| Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae | 21 (24.1) | 12 (22.6) | 2 (25.0) | 12 (20.3) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (13.3) | 52 (20.6) |
| Carbapenem susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae | 8 (9.2) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.4) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (6.0) |
| Enterococcus spp. | 9 (10.3) | 10 (18.9) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (10.2) | 3 (10.0) | 1 (6.7) | 30 (11.9) |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 6 (6.9) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.4) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (5.2) |
| Coagulase negative staphylococci | 10 (11.5) | 7 (13.2) | 1 (12.5) | 5 (8.5) | 4 (13.3) | 1 (6.7) | 28 (11.1) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 6 (6.9) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.1) | 4 (13.3) | 2 (13.3) | 18 (7.1) |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 4 (4.6) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.8) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (4.4) |
| Enterobacter spp. | 1 (1.1) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (6.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (2.8) |
| Proteus spp. | 3 (3.4) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) |
| Escherichia coli | 1 (1.1) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) |
| Candida spp. | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (12.5) | 8 (13.6) | 3 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (5.6) |
| Others | 4 (4.6) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.4) | 3 (10.0) | 1 (6.7) | 12 (4.8) |
Bold: Difference present but not significant statistically.
ICU: Intensive care unit, BSI: Bloodstream infection, MP: Methylprednisolone, TCZ: Tocilizumab, DEX: Dexamethasone, ESRD: End stage renal disease, CVC: Central venous catheter, CRP: C-reactive protein, PCT: Procalcitonin.