Table 4.
Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Risk Factors for BSIs in COVID-19 Patients.
| Risk factors | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.01 (1.00-1.02) | 0.014 | 1.01 (0.99-1.02) | 0.117 |
| Male gender | 1.50 (1.08-2.09) | 0.015 | 1.37 (0.97-1.94) | 0.073 |
| Hypertension | 1.10 (0.82-1.48) | 0.512 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 0.98 (0.72-1.35) | 0.915 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 1.09 (0.78-1.52) | 0.620 | ||
| Solid tumor | 1.02 (0.68-1.53) | 0.929 | ||
| Neurological disorders | 0.90 (0.52-1.55) | 0.692 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.55 (0.99-2.42) | 0.054 | 1.46 (0.92-2.33) | 0.112 |
| Other chronic pulmonary diseases | 1.04 (0.53-2.03) | 0.912 | ||
| Hematologic malignancy | 0.86 (0.48-1.55) | 0.618 | ||
| End stage renal disease | 0.98 (0.50-1.91) | 0.948 | ||
| Rheumatologic diseases | 0.36 (0.13-0.97) | 0.043 | 0.41 (0.15-1.12) | 0.082 |
| Moderate/severe liver failure | 1.16 (0.37-3.63) | 0.800 | ||
| APACHE II score on admission to ICU | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) | 0.029 | 1.02 (0.99-1.04) | 0.182 |
| SOFA score on admission to ICU | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 0.517 | ||
| Previous use of beta lactam antibiotics | 1.11 (0.81-1.52) | 0.510 | ||
| Previous use of macrolides | 0.87 (0.58-1.29) | 0.482 | ||
| Length of stay before ICU admission (day) | 0.93 (0.90-0.97) | 0.001 | 0.94 (0.91-0.98) | 0.006 |
| Standard treatment for COVID-19 | ||||
| None | (ref) | |||
| Favipiravir | 0.44 (0.11-1.77) | 0.247 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine, Favipiravir | 0.50 (0.12-2.13) | 0.350 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine, Favipiravir, Azithromycin, Oseltamivir | 0.33 (0.08-1.41) | 0.135 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine, Favipiravir, Azithromycin | 0.15 (0.01-1.63) | 0.118 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Oseltamivir | 0.60 (0.08-4.25) | 0.606 | ||
| Additional treatments | ||||
| CRRT | 2.55 (1.90-3.42) | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.76-3.26) | <0.001 |
| ECMO | 2.05 (0.96-4.37) | 0.063 | 2.31 (1.04-5.09) | 0.039 |
| Remdesivir | 1.37 (0.73-1.60) | 0.330 | ||
| Convalescent plasma therapy | 1.19 (0.82-1.71) | 0.362 | ||
| IVIG | 0.76 (0.34-1.72) | 0.512 | ||
| Stem-cell therapy | 2.16 (0.54-8.73) | 0.279 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory treatment | ||||
| None | (ref) | (ref) | ||
| MP | 2.35 (1.21-4.58) | 0.012 | 1.86 (0.94-3.67) | 0.074 |
| MP and TCZ | 2.10 (1.04-4.24) | 0.039 | 2.45 (1.18-5.09) | 0.016 |
| TCZ | 1.93 (0.70-5.31) | 0.204 | 1.63 (0.59-4.55) | 0.350 |
| DEX | 2.23 (1.13-4.42) | 0.022 | 1.87 (0.93-3.76) | 0.077 |
| DEX and TCZ | 1.43 (0.66-3.09) | 0.368 | 1.68 (0.76-3.75) | 0.202 |
APACHE II:Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, SOFA:Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy, ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin, MP: Methylprednisolone, TCZ: Tocilizumab, DEX: Dexamethasone.