Table 1.

Summary of representative ocular nanomedicine for ocular disease treatment

Nanoformulations	Cargos	Administrations	Functions/Applications	Reference
Liposomes	CRISPR‐Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex	Subretinal injection	Inducing efficient genome editing in vivo	[ 94 ]
Nanostructured lipid carriers	Dasatinib	Topical administration	Increasing the solubility of dasatinib, sustaining drug release, reducing ocular toxicity, and facilitating its penetration into cornea	[ 23b ]
Solid lipid nanoparticles	RS1 DNA plasmid	Intravitreal injection	Improvement of retinal structure by extending therapeutic period up to 2 weeks	[ 22a ]
DSPE‐PEG2000‐cRGD nanomicelle	Flurbiprofen	Eye drops	Specifically targeted combining to integrin receptors on cornea surface and facilitated rapid mucoadhesion	[ 28 ]
Boronic acid‐rich dendrimer	Superoxide dismutase	Intravitreal injection	Protecting retinal function and reducing cell apoptosis by high levels of cellular uptake without immunogenicity and cytotoxicity	[ 33 ]
DNA/PLGA hybrid hydrogel	Dexamethasone	Topical administration	Improving dexamethasone accumulation and mediating gradual dexamethasone release	[ 4 ]
Chitosan‐based self‐assembly nanofilms	Heparin	Cornea in situ self‐assembly	Rescuing corneal defective wound healing	[ 45 ]
Mesenchymal stem cells‐derived exosomes	–	Intravitreal injection/eye drops	Significantly anatomical and functional restoration of retina, optic nerve, or cornea by modulating angiogenesis and inflammation, and improving immunomodulation and tissue regeneration	[ 66 , 67 , 68 ]
Palladium‐coated gold nanorods	–	Being pasted to lacrimal gland	Sensing diverse visible light irradiations and spontaneously responded by heating up to secrete more tears to prevent dry eye	[ 50 ]
Nanoceria	Doxorubicin	Intravitreal injection	Sensitive to extracellular acidic pH conditions, targeted to tumor cells, instantaneously inducing ROS, and releasing doxorubicin intracellularly to enhance the chemotherapeutic activity in retinoblastoma cells	[ 122a ]
Gold nanoparticles‐based nanobubbles	Hyaluronic acid	Intravitreal injection	Mechanically ablating the vitreous opacities upon local pulsed‐laser illuminates to generate vapor nanobubbles	[ 51 ]
Dichalcogenides quantum dots	—	Eye drops	Antibacterial agent with a fast response and no reliance on light	[ 57 ]
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Bevacizumab	Intravitreal/subconjunctival injection	Suppressing corneal and retinal neovascularization	[ 62 ]
Spermidine‐derived carbon quantum dots	—	Eye drops	Strong antibacterial capabilities for treatment of bacterial keratitis	[ 10c ]
Graphene‐coated contact lens	—	Wearing on the ocular surface	Monitoring changed water evaporation rate and protecting eyes from electromagnetic wave damage	[ 59 , 60 ]
Thermosensitive triblock copolymer	Acriflavine hydrochloride and sunitinib malate	Topical administration	Increasing the intraocular absorption of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and extending the drug–ocular–epithelium contact time	[ 140 ]
PEG‐b‐poly(propylene sulfide) nanomicelles	Actin depolymerizer latrunculin A	Intracameral injection	Selectively modulating stiffness of Schlemm's canal cells for therapeutic reducing intraocular pressure	[ 105 ]